Poss. Answer: oil is a fossil fuel that can be found in many countries around the world

If you don’t know, find the answer in the text. What information was new for you? Share your opinions if oil and gas can be formed nowadays.

Translate the following derivatives

1) Sediment (sedimentary, sedimentation)

2) To accumulate (accumulative, accumulator, accumulation)

3) To move (move, movable (moveable), movement)

Glossary

1. Remains (of smth) – 1. the parts of ancient objects and buildings that have survived and are discovered in the present days; 2. the body of a dead person or animal.

2. to decay – to be destroyed gradually by natural processers; to destroy smth in this way.

3. Compound – a thing consisting of two or more separate things combined together.

4. Sediment – the solid material that settles at the bottom of a liquid.

Translate the text using the given vocabulary.

Anticline антиклиналь heating oil печное топливо

Cap rock покрывающая порода impermeable непроницаемый

Compound структура, смесь kerosene керосин

Consumption потребление layer слой

Crude oil сырая нефть limestone известняк

To decay разлагаться marble мрамор

To distill перегонять, извлекать petroleum нефть

To drill down бурить pinching out вытеснение

Enormous огромный, чудовищный porous пористый,губчатый

To exert оказывать давление pumping выкачивание насосом

Exploration разведка remains останки

Faulting сбросообразование reservoir rock порода-коллектор

Fine-grained мелкозернистый sandstone песчаник

Fold складка, изгиб sedimentary осадочный

Folding складкообразование shale сланец

Formation образование, формация silt ил

Gasoline амер. бензин to trap здесь удерживать

To gush out фонтанировать well скважина

How Oil Drilling Works

Offshore oil rig

Crude oil gets refined into gasoline, kerosene, heating oil and other products. To keep up with our consumption, oil companies must constantly look for new sources of petroleum, as well as improve the production of existingwells.

How does a company go about finding oil and pum­ping it from the ground? You may have seen images of black crude oil gushing out of the ground, or seen an oil well in movies and television shows like “Giant”, “Oklahoma Crude”, “Armageddon” and “Beverly Hillbillies”. But modern oil production is quite different from the way it's portrayed in the movies. In this article, we will examine how modern oil exploration and drilling works.

Forming oil

Oil is formed from the remains of tiny plants and animals (plankton) that died in ancient seas between 10 million and 600 million years ago. After the organisms died, they sank into the sand and mud at the sea bottom.

Tiny sea plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean floor. Over time, they were covered by layers of silt and sand.

Over millions of years, the remains were buried deeper and deeper. The enormous heat and pressure turned them into oil and gas.

Today, we drill down throw layers of sand, silt and rock to reach the rock formations that certain oil and gas deposits.

Oil reservoir rocks and natural gas can be trapped by folding (left picture), faulting (middle picture) or pinching out (right picture)

Over the years, the organisms decayed in the sedimentary layers. In these layers, there was little or no oxygen present. So microorganisms broke the remains into carbon-rich compounds that formed organic layers. The organic material mixed with the sediments, forming fine-grained shale, or source rock. As new sedimentary layers were deposited, they exerted intense pressure and heat on the source rock. The heat and pressure distilled the organic material into crude oil and natural gas. The oil flowed from the source rock and accumulated in thicker, more porous limestone or sandstone, called reservoir rock. Movements in the Earth trapped the oil and natural gas in the reservoir rocks between layers of impermeable rock, or cap rock, such as granite or marble. These movements of the Earth include:

·Folding – Horizontal movements press inward and move the rock layers upward into a fold or anticline.

·Faulting – The layers of rock crack, and one side shifts upward or downward.

·Pinching out – A layer of impermeable rock is squeezed upward into the reservoir rock.

Ex. 1. Match definitions.

1. Shale

2. To deposite

3. To accumulate

4. Limestone

5. Fine

A. Made of very small grains

B. A type of white stone that contains calcium, used in building and in making cement

C. To gradually get more and more of smth over a period of time

D. (especially of a river or a liquid) To leave a layer of smth on the surface of smth, especially gradually over a period of time

E. A type of soft stone that splits easily into thin flat layers

Ex. 2. Find antonyms to the following words.

1. Thick A. Permeable

2. To decay B. Coarse

3. Fine C. Subtle

4. Affine D. Thin

5. Huge E. Enormous

6. Impermeable F. To rot, to decompose

Grammar

Глаголы в английском языке имеют 4 формы:

Таблица 1.

	Infinitive	Past Simple	Past Participle (II)	Present Participle (I)
	I	II	III	IV
regular	to work	worked	worked	working
irregular	to speak	spoke	spoken	speaking

Таблица 2.

	Present Participle (I)	Past Participle (II)
Indefinite	Active	Passive	changed 1. определение изменяемый, измененный     2. обстоятельство когда изменили   Примечание: Причастие II (PII) всегда имеет страдательный характер, т.е. invited – приглашенный, (а не приглашающий)
changing 1. определения изменяющий, изменявший     2. обстоятельство изменяя	being changed 1. определения изменяющийся, изменяемый, который изменяется   2. обстоятельство будучи измененным
Perfect	having changed   обстоятельство изменив	having been changed обстоятельство когда изменили, после того как изменили

Past Participle (II) и Present Participle (I) в предложении выполняют 3 функции:

1. В составе сказуемого: PII a) This task was given to me yesterday.

Это задание дали мне вчера.

Passive voice = to be +PII

b) He has just gone away.

Он только что ушел.

Perfect forms = to have + PII

PI He is working very hard now (Continuous).

Он сейчас много работает

Progressive = to be +PI

2. Определение: PII The text translated is very interesting for all of us.

Переведенный текст интересен всем.

PI The girl listening to you so attentively is my sister.

Девочка, слушающая Вас так внимательно,

моя сестра

3. Обстоятельства:

PII

When asked you should translate. – Когда спрашивают, вам следует отвечать.

PI

While listening to his report they made notes. – Слушая доклад, они делали записи.

Переведите

Образец: The work discussed. – обсуждаемая, обсужденная.

The books translated. – переводимая, переведенная.

1. the matter obtained, the substance applied, the solids determined, the materials included.

2. the students reading, the girl describing, the book including, the teacher speaking, the event occurring, the scientist representing.

3. the workers doing, the work done; the property identified, the man identifying; the country represented, the delegation representing; the sample included, the programme included; a body possessing, the chemist applying.

Информация

Как известно, у правильных глаголов совпадают личная форма – Past Indefinite – и неличная –ed-форма.

Если возникает сомнение при переводе, нужно просмотреть, есть ли дальше в предложении другое сказуемое, если нет, значит эта форма на –ed – личная, ее надо переводить глаголами, если есть сказуемое, то это определение, отвечающее на вопрос какой?

- could not give a correct answer. (за ed-формой следует сказуемое, поэтому перевод – Опрошенный студентом…)

The student asked –

- a question. (Другого сказуемого нет, поэтому перевод – Студент задал вопрос.)

Иногда встречаются 2 ed-формы, в таком случае вторая является сказуемым. Например:

The equipment tested required some improvement. – Испытанное (или испытываемое) оборудование потребовало некоторого улучшения.

Ex.3. Переведите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на второе слово с окончанием ed

Образец: the materials tested required –испытанные материалы требовали.

1. The work performed showed; 2. The results obtained showed; 3. The equipment tested required; 4. The problem solved proved; 5. The equation obtained resulted; 6. The experiment discussed proved; 7. The results obtained required.

Ex. 4. Определите функции глагольных форм с суффиксом ed и переведите.

1. The equipment tested required further improvement.

2. The results obtained varied in some respects.

3. The techniques applied increased the rate of production.

4. The methods introduced received general recognition.

5. The experiment described attracted general attention.

6. The materials collected served as valuable information.

7. The apparatus installed showed good performance.

8. The progress achieved resulted in a remarkable technical improvement.

9. The amount of heat generated depended on the quality of the fuel used.

Ex.5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различную функцию совпадающих по форме слов.

1. The war ruined many cities. There are no ruined houses in our cities.

2. Planned work gives good results. The professor planned all his lectures.

3. The institute admitted 150 students. Peter was one of the admitted students.

4. The candidate submitted his documents. All the submitted documents are in the office.

5. The schoolchildren made a fine model of a rocket. It was the first model made by children.

Ex.6. Выберите правильную форму.

1. At our Institute there are several subjects…(studied, studying).

2. Students…(taking, taken) exams next week should come to the dean’s office.

3. The engineer…(represented, deriving) this factory is a good specialist.

4. The matter …(derived, deriving) in this reaction will possess these properties.

5. Scientists …(applied, applying) such methods obtain interesting results.

Ex.7. Найдите эквиваленты.

1. the energy possessed; a) сила тяжести;

2. a lifted weight; b) по отношению;

3. an isolated system; c) энергия, присущая;

4. will respect to; d) данное тело;

5. the given body; e) поднятый груз;

6. uniformly accelerated motion; f) равномерноускоренное движение;

7. the velocity acquired; g) изолированная система;

8. the forces of gravity. h) приобретенная скорость.

Lesson 3

How Oil Drilling Works

Searching for oil over water using seismology

Locating Oil

The task of finding oil is assigned to geologists, whether employed directly by an oil company or under contract from a private firm. Their task is to find the right conditions for an oiltrap – the right source rock and reservoir rock. Many years ago, geologists interpreted surface features, surface rock and soil types, and perhaps some small core samples obtained by shallow drilling. Modern oil geologists also examine surface rocks and terrain, with the additional help of satellite images. However, they also use a variety of other methods to find oil. They can use sensitive gravity meters to measure tiny changes in the Earth's gravitational field that could indicate flowing oil, as well as sensitive magnetometers to measure tiny changes in the Earth's magnetic field caused by flowing oil. They can detect the smell of hydrocarbons using sensitive electronic noses called sniffers. Finally, and most commonly, they use seismology, creating shock waves that pass through hidden rock layers and interpreting the waves that are reflected back to the surface.

The shock waves travel beneath the surface of the Earth and are reflected back by the various rock layers. The reflections travel at different speeds depending upon the type or density of rock layers through which they must pass. The reflections of the shock waves are detected by sensitive microphones or vibration detectors – hydrophones over water, seismometers over land. The readings are interpreted by seismologists for signs of oil and gas traps. Although modern oil-exploration methods are better than previous ones, they still may have only a
10-percent success rate for finding new oil fields. Once a prospective oil strike is found, the location is marked by GPS coordinates on land or by marker buoys on water.

Vocabulary

beneath под, ниже; boundary граница, межа; conductor pipe направляющая труба; core сердцевина, центр; crew бригада; cuttings выбуренная порода; density плотность; to dig копать, рыть; drilling mud буровой раствор; drilling rig буровая установка;

featureособенность, признак; hole скважина; hydrocarbon углеводород; hydrophone сонар, гидролокатор; inland внутриматериковый; to level разравнивать; to line здесь облицовывать; marsh болото, топь; offshore морской; pit котлован;

remoteness удалённость; satellite спутник (Земли); shallow поверхностный; soil грунт, почва; strikeидиом. месторождение; success rate вероятность успеха; to survey исследовать; temporarily временно; trap моноклиналь; wilderness пустыня.

Warm up

1. Do you know how oil is found?

2. Do you know any ways of finding oil? (if you do not know find the answers in the text when reading)

Ex. 1.

1) to assign – assignation, assignment

2) to employ – am employ, employable, employee, employer, employment

3) to measure – measure, measured, measureless, measurement, measuring cup (jug, tape)

4) to help – help, helper, helpful, helping, helpless, help-line, help-mate

5) to create – creation, creationism, creative, creator, creature

6) to reflect – reflectance, reflection, reflective, reflectivity, reflector

7) to depend – dependable, dependant, dependence, dependency, dependent

Ex. 2. Glossary

1. to assign – 1) to give sb. sth. That they can use, or some work or responsibility

2) to provide a person for a particular task or position

2. to measure - to find the size, quantity, etc. of smth. in standard units

3. to cause – to make smth happen, especially smth bad or unpleasant

4. density – the thichness of a solid, liquid or gas measured by its mass per unit of volume

5. exploration – 1) the act of travelling through a place in order to find out it or look for smth in it

6. surface – the top layer of an area of water or land

Ex. 3. Find definitions

1. to employ – to give smb a job to do for payment

2. soil – the top layer of the earth in which plants, trees etc. grow

3. terrain – used to refer to an area of land when you are mentioning its natural features, for example, if it is rough, flat, etc (difficult/ rough/ mountainous, etc. terrain)

4. to create – to make smth happen or exist

5. to hide – to put or keep smb or smth in a place where they/ it cannot be seen or defend

6. to reflect (us. passive) – to throw back light, heat, sound etc. from a surface

7. speed – rate of movement/ action, the rate at which smb/ smth moves or travels

Ex. 4 Find synonyms

1. soil – clay – land – earth – dirt – ground

2. to measure – to match up, to access, to sniff – to smell

3. to help – to assist

4. to hide – to cancel – cover – disguise – mask - camouflage

5. speed – rate – pace - step

6. to obtain – to get smth

Forming oil

Ex. 1 Warm-up

1) What is oil? What kind of oil do you know? When was it formed?

2) Do you know how oil is formed?

3) Have you ever seen or smell oil?

Possible answer: oil is a fossil fuel that can be found in many countries around the world. If you do not know, find the answers in the text.

What information was new for you? Share your opinion if oil and gas can be formed nowadays?

Ex. 2 Give definitions