The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous
The Present Perfect Continuous
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| Утвердительная форма | Отрицательная форма | Вопросительная форма |
| I have been reading | 1 have not been reading | Have 1 been reading? |
| Не has been reading | He has not been reading | Hashebeen reading? |
| They have been reading | They have not been reading | Havetheybeen reading? |
I’ve been reading She hasn't been reading
She’s been reading We haven't been reading
Характеристика действия
| Present Perfect | Present Perfect Continuous | ||||||
| Как? | Действие завершено к определенному моменту в настоящем. Имеется результат действия. | Действие началось некоторое время назад и все еще продолжается или только закончилось. | |||||
| have has | done | have has | been doing | ||||
| Когда? | already/yet; ever/never; just/ since; lately, recently; this week/today | for 3 hours (already); since morning; since he came | |||||
| Примеры | He has just come. She hasn't calledyet. Haveyou ever beento France? Не has writtenmany books. She hasgreatly changed. ( = don't recognize her.) | She has been teachingHistory since she graduated from the University. The road is wet. It has been raining. I have been waitingfor you for half an hour. (Яжду вас уже полчаса) | |||||
Глаголы, неиспользуемые в форме Continuous, не могут также использоваться в форме Perfect Continuous. В этом случае употребляется the Perfect Tense.
- I have knownhim since last year.
Compare:
| The Present Continuous when? — (now) | The Present Perfect Continuous how long? |
| What areyou writing? - I am writinga letter. | В I have been writingit for an hour. |
Self check.
Ex. 1. (A, B)Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous.
1. Many people believe that our climate (change) very markedly. 2. I (collect) the pictures with bridges since I graduated from the University. Now I (collect) enough to organize an interesting exhibition. 3. She (read) a fairy tale to the children since breakfast. They (not/finish) yet. 4. Those people (wait) for a tram for the last fifteen minutes. I'm afraid, they don't know that the electricity (go) out. 5. What (happen) to Mary? John (ring) her up the whole evening and nobody (answer). 6. "You (come) out at last," he said. "Well, I (stand) here long, and (listen) to the nightingale." 7. So, you (arrive). We just (speak) of you. 8. "How long you (know) about it?" - "I (know) it all the time. 9. "Why you (turn) off the music?" - "I (play) the records for hours; I'm tired now." 10. I definitely (decide) to give Pendle up.
Ex. 2. (A, B) Decide on the correct form of the verb with each word combination.
Example: (She/clean/the flat/for two hours) - She has been cleaning the flat for two hours. (She/do/two rooms/so far) - She has done two rooms so far.
1.(I/ read / Pushkin's prose / in the garden)__________________________________________
(I / read / three of Belkin's stories)_______________________________________________
2. (Mother/ sew / in the morning room/since lunch)______________________________
(She / make / a ball dress / for me)_______________________________________________
3. (My brother / ski / since childhood)_______________________________________________
(he / take part / in many championships)___________________________________________
4. (Father / write / children poems / since he retired)__________________________________
(He / write / four books)________________________________________________________
Ex. 3. (A, B) Ask a question using the correct verb form.
Example: He trains young athlets.
How many young athlets has he trained?
1. She is travelling in the East. How long___________________________________________?
2. He translates books. How many________________________________________________?
3. He translates from Japanese. How long__________________________________________?
4. They are visiting the hospital. How many times_____________________________________?
Ex. 4. (A, B) Put the verb into the correct form, the Present Perfect
or the Present Perfect Continuous.
Examples: I’ve run (run) out of petrol. Can you lend me some?
You are out of breath. Have you been running (you/run)?
1. The secretary______(type) the letters you gave her but she______(not/finish) them yet.
2. There's sufficient light you______(waste) electricity for nearly an hour.
3. Look! The child______(fall) asleep!
4. Open the window. Somebody______(smoke) here.
5. She______(do) the accounts all evening. But she______ (go) home already.
6. He is a famous playwright. He______(complete) his seventh play.
Ex. 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
I. (A, B)
1.We (meet) before? 2. I often (see) his name in the papers this year. 3. I (try) to catch the waiter's attention for about 15 minutes now. 4. She (study) English for a year and (learn) many words and expressions. 5. I (not/hear) about him since yesterday. 6. I (look) for him since I finished my lesson but I (not / find) him. I (be) to his office and to the laboratory but he isn't there. 7. "Hello, Sven. You (see) Alex yet?" - "No, I (not/be) to the shop floor today. I (talk) on the phone to our clients all morning. 8. I (be) up here since about six. I (wander) around for hours. 9. I (come) to you to invite you for a ride in the car. 10. I expect these young men (inform) you who I am. 11. I really don't know what you (do) there all this time. 12. I (love) you ever since I first saw you.
The Past Perfect Tense
| Утвердительная форма | Отрицательная форма | Вопросительная форма |
| I/he/they had worked | I/he/they had not worked | HadI/he/they worked? |
I'd worked I hadn't worked
The Past Perfect Tense показывает, что действие завершилось к определенному моменту в прошлом. Этот момент может быть обозначен обстоятельством времени или другим прошедшим действием:
- We had finishedthe work by 5 o'clock yesterday.
- When I came, the guests hadalready left.
The Past Perfectиспользуется с союзами:
| Hardly... | + Past Perfect when + Past Indefinite |
| Scarcely... |
- He hadhardly doneit when they came. He успел он сделать это, как они пришли.
- Hardly hadhe doneit when they came. Едва он успел сделать это, как они пришли.
Self check.
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets. You visited a friend
and learned a lot of news about his family and other friends.
Example: His father didn't work in the bank anymore. He had retired (retire)
1. His parents didn't live there any longer. They________________. (go) to live in the country.
2. His sister wasn't there either. She_____________________ (get) married.
3. His house was larger. He____________________________(build) the third storey.
4. Your friends, Mike and Brenda, were away. They________(leave)
for Sweden.
Ex. 2. Complete the sentenses, using the verb in .brackets.
Example: I was very excited about visiting London because I (be) had never been there before.
1. The little boy couldn't wait to get to the sea (see). He __________________________ before.
2. The teacher was late that morning. The class didn't know what to think (be/late).
She.____ before.
3. Yesterday Larry taught Nell to play the guitar. She felt very unsure because she (play) ________ before.
4. It was Miss Kelly's first day at school. She was very nervous because she (teach)
________ before.