Ex. 4 Grammar focus 9. The Perfect Tenses.

a) to have (has, had, will have) + Participle II

	Present	Past	Future
Affirmative	I We have You written They He She has written It	I We You They had written He She It	I shall have We written You They will have He written She It
Negative	I We have not (haven’t) You written They He She has not (hasn’t) It written	I We You had not They (hadn’t) He written She It	I shall have We written You They will not He (won’t) She written It
Interrogative	I Have we written? you they he Hasshe written? it	I we you Hadthey written? he she it	Shall I have written? we you they Will he have written? she it

Времена группы Perfect обозначают действие, которое совершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем.

Времена группы Perfect переводятся на русский язык глаголами совершенного вида и употребляются с наречиями времени (already, just, yet, never, ever): I have already passed my exam. Я уже сдал экзамен; и со словами, выражающими еще не истекшие периоды времени (today, this year, this month, this week, this morning, etc.), I have seen the film twice this week. Я дважды посмотрел фильм на этой неделе.

Present Perfect может употребляться для выражения действия, которое началось в прошлом и не закончилось в к данному моменту, а все еще продолжается. Период действия обычно указывается с помощью слов for (в течение) или since (с, с тех пор, с тех пор как). В этом случае Present Perfect переводится на русский язык глаголов несовершенного вида: I have lived here since 1990. – Я живу здесь с 1990 года.

Определенный момент в прошлом (Past Perfect) или будущем (Future Perfect) выражается обозначениями времени с предлогом by – к: by 3 o’clock yesterday, by 3 o’clock tomorrow, by time he came (comes): By the end of this week my friend will already have written his report on history. –К концу этой недели мой друг уже напишет свой доклад по истории.

b) Read the situations and write sentences in the Present Perfect Tense. Choose one of the following verbs:

arrive break go up grow improve lose

Model: Mike is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He ………………...

Mike is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost it.

1. Margaret can’t walk and her leg is in plaster. She……………………….

2. Maria’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is much better……………….

3. Tim didn’t have a beard last month. Now he has a beard………………..

4. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it. …………………..

5. Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. …………………….

c) Make questions from the words in brackets , ask your partner about the things he has done and when he did it.

Model: (ever/ride/horse?) Have you ever ridden a horse?

Yes, I have. When did you do it?

1. (ever /be/California?)…………………………………..

2. (ever/run/marathon?)…………………………………...

3. (ever/speak/famous person?)…………………………..

4. (always/live/in this town?)…………………………….

5. (most beautiful place/ever/visit?)………………………

d)Translate the sentences which are used in the Present ,Past or Future Perfect Tense.

1. We are late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.

2. By the time you arrived we had already left.

3. The students will have known the results of the exams by 3 o’clock tomorrow.

4.Have you heard from George recently?

5. When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.

6. Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years.

Ex. 5 Speaking.Browse the Internet and find additional information to fill in this chart. Summarize the information to compare the countries.

	UK	Russia
Area
Parts, regions
Seas, oceans, rivers, lakes
Neighboring countries
Population
Highlands, lowlands
Climate
Natural resources
Capital
Largest cities

Section II

THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF RUSSIA

Ex. 6 Pronunciation practice. Practice the pronunciation of the following words and word-combinations: the USSR, the Eastern part, Europe, Northern part, Asia, the Pacific ocean, the Arctic ocean, the Baltic sea, China, West Siberian Plain.

Text 2

Russia (Geography, Population, Economy)

Pre-reading task.Skim the text. Make the plan of the text and give headings to the parts of the text.

Russia was the largest Republic in the former USSR. But now it has become an independent State.

It is situated in the Eastern part of Europe and in the Northern part of Asia. The total area is 17 075 400 square kilometres. The country is washed by 12 seas of three oceans: the Pacific, the Arctic and the Atlantic oceans. The seas are: the White Sea, the Barents Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea and others.

The climate in Russia varies from arctic in the north to continental in the central part of the country and subtropical in the South. Winters are cold, windy and snowy, especially in the northern part of the country. Summers are hot and dry, especially in the South region of the country. Autumn usually brings rains and fogs.

The surface of Russia varies greatly. There are two great plains in Russia: they are the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Plain. There are some mountain chains. The biggest mountain chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia. In Asian part of Russia there is another big mountain chain, the Altai.

There are very many rivers in Russia, the longest of them are the Volga in Europe and the Yenissei and the Ob in Asia. The world’s deepest lake - Lake Baikal, with the depth of 1600 metres, is situated in Russia, too. Its water is the purest in the world.

Russia borders on many countries: Norway and Finland in the north-west, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and the Ukraine in the west, Georgia and Azerbaijan in the south-west, and Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China in the south.

The capital of Russia is Moscow and it is also one of the main political, scientific, industrial and cultural centres. Its population is about 10 million people. Russia has population of about 150 million people of over a hundred nationalities. Nearly one hundred languages are spoken in the country. The national language is Russian written in the Cyrillic script.

Russia is potentially a very rich country. Its vast mineral resources include oil, natural gas, coal, iron ore, lead, aluminium, gold, diamonds, zinc and almost all other minerals. Russia has the world’s largest oiland natural gas resources. Three-quarters of the country’s mineral wealth are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East. Russia has a complete range of mining industries, all forms of machine building, communication equipment, tractors, and construction equipment, medical and scientific instruments, textiles, foodstuffs and fishing industry. Russia inheritedmost of the defense industrial base of the Soviet Union.

Ex. 7Answer the questions:

1. Where is Russia located?

2. What is the climate of Russia?

3. What are the main rivers, lakes and mountains in Russia?

4. What countries does Russia border?

5. What mineral resources is Russia rich in?

Ex. 8 a)Match the synonyms:

1. climatic zone a. to differ

2. located b. nation

3. to vary c. huge

4. resource d. environmental belt

5. country e. boundary