Perfect Tenses. Present Perfect Tense (Active)

Времена группы Perfect (Present, Past, Future) выражают действие, которое уже совершилось к определенному моменту в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем.

Времена группы Perfect образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола.

Запомните!

1. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) от стандартных глаголов совпадает по форме с глаголами в Past Indefinite Tense и имеет окончание - ed.

2. Причастие прошедшего времени (Past Participle) от нестандартных глаголов можно найти в словаре (так называемая 3 форма глагола) или в специальной таблице нестандартных глаголов (3 колонка).

Present Past Future
have asked has asked had asked will have asked will have asked

Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Tense употребляется для обозначения действия, которое только что (недавно) закончилось или еще продолжается в настоящем.

Утвердительная форма Вопросительная форма Отрицательная форма
I have asked He has asked Have I asked? Has he asked? I have not asked He has not asked

Обратите внимание!

а) При образовании вопросительной формы вспомогательный глагол to have ставится перед подлежащим.

б) При образовании отрицательной формы отрицательная частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола.

Запомните основные случаи употребления Present Perfect Tense:

1. Действие совершилось, и результат его связан с настоящим; время не указано.

Science and education have become inseparable. - Наука и образование стали неразрывны.

2. Действие совершилось, в предложениях употребляются наречия неопределенного времени: already – уже, just – только что, ever – когда-либо, never – никогда, lately – недавно, recently – в последнее время, (not) yet – еще не.

Обратите внимание: наречия неопределенного времени ставятся между вспомогательным и смысловым глаголами, наречие yet – в конце предложения.

They have already translated this article, you may take it. - Они уже перевели эту статью, вы можете взять ее.

He has not published the results of his work yet. - Он еще не опубликовал результаты своей работы.

Заметьте, наречие yet употребляется только в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях.

3. Действие совершилось, а указанный период времени не истек. В предложениях используются обстоятельства типа: this week (month, year, summer) – на этой неделе (в этом месяце, в этом году, летом);

today – сегодня.

She has entered the institute this year. - Она поступила в институт в этом году.

4. Действие началось в прошлом и продолжается в момент речи. В предложениях употреблены предлоги since – с, for – в течение.

I haven’t seen you for ages.- Я не видел тебя целую вечность.

I have known him since childhood.- Я знаю его с детства.

Запомните!

Предлог for употребляется, когда речь идет о периоде времени:

for two days – два дня (в течении двух дней);

for a week – неделю;

предлог since употребляется, когда обозначается начало периода времени:

since Monday – с понедельника;

since childhood – с детства.

5. После превосходной степени прилагательных.

What a boring film! It is the most boring film I’ve seen.

6. С выражениями:

This is the first (the second) time ...

It is the first (the second) time ... etc.

This is the first time I have driven a car.

Я веду машину в первый раз.

Сравните употребление двух времен:

Present Perfect Past Indefinite  
Всегда связано с настоящим: today, this week, recently, lately, ever, never, just, yet.   Всегда связанно с законченным моментом в прошлом: yesterday, two years ago, last week, in 1981, when I was a child.
Perfect Tenses. Present Perfect Tense (Active) - student2.ru
  She has been to London this year. (this year is not finished yet).   He has never played golf. (in his life; this period continues up to the present).   Have you seen Nick this morning? (It is still morning)   Tom hasn’t written to me recently. (a period of time between a short time ago and now).   I have seen a new film. (new information is announced).   She was in London in 1995. (now it is not 1995, it is a finished time in the past).   He didn’t play golf when he was in England last summer. (a finished time in the past).   Did you see Nick this morning? (It is now afternoon)   Tom didn’t write to me last year. (a finished time in the past).   I saw a new film last week.(an action in the past, not connected with the present).

Работа с текстом

Прочитайте, переведите и пересскажите текст

Moscow

Moscow is the capital of Russia, its economic and cultural center. It was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky and first mentioned in chronicles in 1147.

There is a lot to see in Moscow, but first all foreign tourists visit Red square, the heart of the city. Perhaps, the most ancient monument of Red Square is St. Basil's Cathedral. With its nine beautifully painted cupolas, it is a real masterpiece of ancient Russian architecture.

If you come to Moscow for the first time, you should by all means visit the Kremlin, which is very impressive. On the territory of the Kremlin you can see old very cathedrals, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the State Kremlin Palace, the Tsar Cannon and the Tsar Bell, biggest cannon and bell in the world. The Kremlin centre looks truly magnificent today. The main Kremlin Tower, the Spasskaya Tower, has become the symbol of the country.

Foreigners are usually surprised by the number of churches and cathedrals in and around the city, St. Saviour's cathedral with its gilded dome being the most magnificent.

There are more than 80 museums in our capital. The largest museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, whose collections include works of art of the ancient Orient and ancient Egypt: the State Tretyakov Gallery, which houses a rich collection of Russian Painting and Russian Icons. Other unique museums in Moscow are the State History Museum, the All-Russia Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Art, Polytechnical museum and many others.

Moscow is famous for its theatres, too. The best-known of them is the Bolshoi theatre, which is famous for its operas and ballets.

One more interesting place to visit in Moscow is the All-Russia Exhibition Centre. The exhibition is situated in a beautiful park. The most admired feature of the Exhibition Centre is its fountains, The"Friendship of Nations" and the"Stone Flower" fountains are the most beautiful. The Exhibition Centre is a large cultural and commercial complex where different international exhibitions and fairs are held. The area is so large that it is served by mini"trains" lf you are tired you can have a rest in the funfair and enjoy different roller coasters or get a fantastic view of the city from a 75-metre-high ferric wheel, which is one of the largest in Europe.

One of the most famous sights of the city is the Moscow Metro and the journey by Metro will be unforgettable. In the Metro you do not feel as if you're underground. This is due to the unique architecture and the artistic design of the stations, which are more like palaces No two stations are e, most of the have their own appearance

Moscow is the city which is really worth visiting.

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