CD-ROM drives— дисководы CD-ROM

digitized— в цифровом виде

graphics— графика

temporary— временный

output hardware — устройства отображения инфор­мации

printer — печатающее устройство, принтер

scanner — сканирующее устройство, сканер

modem — модем

purpose — цель

to connect — соединять

to provide — обеспечивать

to affect — влиять

amount — количество

General understanding (Общее понимание текста):

What is the Webster's dictionary definition of the
hardware?

1. What groups of hardware exist?

2. What is input hardware? What are the examples

of input hardware?

4. What is the mouse designed for?

5. What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?

6. What is a storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM?

7. What is modem used for? Can a PC user communicate with other people without a modem?

Задание 15.7.Какие из приведенных ниже утвер­ждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст.

1. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert them into a form suitable for computer processing.

2. Scanner is used to input graphics only.

3. CPU reads and interprets software and prints results on paper.

4. User is unable to change the contents of ROM.

5. Printer is a processing hardware because it shows the information.

6. Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines.

7. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data.

Задание 15.8.Дайте определения, используя текст.

1)CPU

2) ROM

3) Floppy-disk

4) CD-ROM

5) Printer

6) Modem

7) Hard disk

8) Keyboard

Задание 15.9. Что изнижеперечисленного является оборудованием? 1. program

1. mouse

2. CPU

3. printer

4. modem

5. instruction

6. cursor or the pointer

7. keyboard

8. symbol

Задание 15.10.Прочитайте и переведите текст. WINDOWS 98

Windows 98 is an operational system based on the ex­panding" windows principlewhich uses iconsto graphi­cally representfiles. It's very easy to use Internet if you have Windows 98 on your computer.

Windows 98 makes the way you and your computer interactwith Internet more easy. Most everyday tasks are easier to do than before. For example, the second mouse button has become a powerful weapon.Recycle Bin makes it easier to recover accidentally deleted files.Your computer probably will crash less with Windows 98. Microsoft says that it is moving forward to the time when we will all think more about our data and less about the programs used to create them.

Window 98 plug"-and-play capability makes it easy to upgrade your computer hardware. A new Windows 98 shortcuts capabilitymakes it easy to reach frequentlyused files.

Working vocabulary (В ваш словарь):

expanding" windows principle— принцип расширя­ющихся окон

icons— иконки

represent— представлять

to interact— взаимодействовать

weapon— оружие

Recycle Bin— корзина

to recover— восстановить

deleted files— удаленные файлы

tocrash — зависать, давать сбои

plug-n-play— подключай и работай

upgrade- апгрейд (увеличение возможностей ком­пьютера)

support— поддержка I

necessity — необходимость to move forward— двигаться вперед shortcut capability- возможность нахождения кратчайшего пути frequently — часто

COMPUTER OPERATIONS. TYPES OF DATA

Much of the processing computers can be divided into two general types of operation. Arithmetic operations are computations with numbers such as addition, sub­traction, and other mathematical procedures. Early com­puters performed mostly arithmetic operations, which gave the false impression that only engineers and scien­tists could benefit from computers. Of equal importance is the computers ability to compare two values to deter­mine if one is larger than, smaller than, or equal to the other. This is called a logical operation. The comparison may take place between numbers, letters, sounds, or even drawings. The processing of the computer is based on the computer's ability to perform logical and arithmetic op­erations.

Instructions must be given to the computer to tell it how to process the data it receives and the format needed for output and storage. The ability to follow the program sets computers apart from most tools. However, new tools ranging from typewriters to microwave ovens have em­bedded computers, or built-in computers. An embedded computer can accept data to use several options in it's program, but the program itself cannot be changed. This makes these devices flexible and convenient but not the embedded computers itself.

Types of data

With the advent of new computer applications and hardware, the definition of data has expanded to include many types.

Numeric data consists of numbers and decimal points, as well as the plus (+) and minus (-) signs. Both arithmetic operations and logical operations are per­formed on numeric data. This means that numbers can be used for calculations as well as sorted and compared to each other.

Text, or textual data, can contain any combination of letters, numbers and special characters. Sometimes tex­tual data is known as alphanumeric data.

Various forms of data that we can hear and see makes up audio-visual data. The computer can produce sounds, music and even human voice. It can also accept audio-information as an input. Data can also take form of draw­ings and video sequences.

Physical data is captured from the environment. For example, light, temperature and pressure are all types of physical data. In many large buildings, com­puter systems process several kinds of physical data to regulate operations. Computers can set off security alarms, control temperature and humidity, or turn lights on and off, all in response to physical data. These applications increase people's safety and save the time and money.

Working vocabulary (В ваш словарь):

data — данные

to divide — делить

to compute — вычислять

computation— вычисление

arithmetic operation— арифметическая операция

logical operation— логическая операция

addition— сложение

subtraction— вычитание

false— ложный

to benefit— получать пользу

equal— равный

to determine— определять

to compare— сравнивать

comparison— сравнение

value— величина

tool— инструмент

microwave oven— микроволновая печь

embedded-встроенный

accept— принимать

flexible— гибкий, изменчивый

advent— приход

to expand— расширять

sequence— последовательность

increase— увеличивать

decimal point— десятичная точка

save— спасать, зд. экономить

General understanding

1) In what two major parts could be computer opera­
tions divided?

2) What are arithmetic operations?

3) What are logical operations?

4) Can computer compare two graphical objects?

5) What makes computer so different from other tools?

6) What is embedded computer? What modern devic-" es have embedded computers?

7) How many are types of data?

8) What is physical data?

Задание 16.1.Какие из приведенных ниже утвер­ждений верны/неверны. Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст.

1)Arithmetic operations are operations with num­bers — subtraction and division.

2) Early computers gave false impression about their capabilities.

3) Logical operations are computer's ability to com­pare two values.

4) The major difference between the computer and tools lies in the flexibility of the program.

5) Embedded computers are found only in typewrit­ers and ovens.

6) Microwave oven's program is flexible and could be changed because of the embedded computer.

7) Numeric data consist of numbers, decimal points and the (+) and (-) signs.

8) Computer can accept human speech as an audio-vis­ual input data.

Задание 16.2.Дайте определение, используя сло­варь:

1)Software

2) Arithmetic operation

3) Logical operation

4) Numeric data

5) Textual data

6) Physical data

7) Audio-visual data

Задание 16.3.Заполните пропуски:

1) ... are computations with numbers such as addition, subtraction, and other mathematical procedures.

2) The computers ability to compare two values to de­termine if one is larger than, smaller than, or equal to the other is called a...

1) New tools ranging from typewriters to microwave ovens have embedded computers, or ... computers

2) An ... can accept data to use several options in it's program, but the program itself cannot be changed.

3) ... can be used for calculations as well as sorted and compared to each other.

4) ... can contain any combination of letters, numbers and special characters.

5) Various forms of data that we can hear and see makes up... which is captured from the environment.

a) logical operation

b)Text, or textual data

c) audio-visual data

d)Physical data

e) Arithmetic operations

f) Built-in

g) numbers

Types of Software

A computer to complete a job requires mare than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the opera­tion of a computer or electronic data. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a gener­al-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are per­formed.

Programs usually fall in one of two categories: sys­tem software and applicationssoftware.

System softwarecontrols standard internal compu­ter activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the com­puters memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system soft­ware is loaded, the applications software can start to work.

System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and co­ordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate his or her peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in ad­vance about the driver program which, though, common­ly go along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your mainboard to «understand» the newly at­tached part.

Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the pro­ductivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include all kinds of gimmicks in one program to make software in­terface look more attractive to the user. These class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.

Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software.

Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer's memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stim­ulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.

Working vocabulary

to direct — управлять

to conduct — проводить

to complete — завершать

equipment — оборудование

internal — внутренний

to require — требовать

control — управление

specific — конкретный, опредленный

general-purpose — многоцелевой

aid — помощь

regard — отношение

regardless — безотносительно, несмотря на

memory capacity — вместимость памяти

to install — устанвливать, встраивать, инсталлиро­вать

to transfer — переводить, переносить

to provide with — обеспечивать чем-либо

to secure — обеспечивать безопасность

security — безопасность

to develop — развивать, проявлять

developer — разработчик

to check — проверять

attach — присоединять

Web-browser — «броузер» (программа, Позволяю­щая пользователю искать.и считывать информацию с глобальной электронной сети Internet)

peripheral — периферийный

to boot — запускать

to handle — управлять

gimmick — зд. приманка

General understanding (Общее понимание текста):

1) What is a software?

2) In what two basic groups software (programs) could be divided?

3) What is system software for?

4) What is an operating system — system or applica­tion software?

5) What is a «driver»?

6) What is application software?

7) What are application software for?

8) What is the tendency in application software mar ket in recent years?

9) What is the application of the communication sof t ware?

Задание 16.4. Что из перечисленного является про­граммным обеспечением?

1) Program

2) Mouse

3) CPU

4) Word processor

5) Modem

6) Web-browser

7) Operating system

8) Scanner

9) Developer

10) Equipment

Задание 16.5. Какие из приведенных ниже утвер­ждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст.

1) Computer programs only instruct the hardware how to handle data storage.

2) System software controls internal computer activ­ities.

3) System software is very dependable on the type of application software being used.

4) The information about memory capacity, the mod­el of the processor and disk drives is unavailable for sys­tem software.

5) The driver is a special device usually used by car drivers for Floppy-disk driving.

6) It is very reasonable to ask for a driver when you buy a new piece of hardware.

7) Software developers tend to make their products very small and with poor interface to save computer re­ sources.

8) Communication software is of great need now be­ cause of the new advances in communication technolo­gies.

9) Application software is merely a general-purpose instrument.

10) Web-browsers is the class of software for electron­ic communication through the network.

Задание 16.6.Найдите эквиваленты в тексте:

1)Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций.

2) Прикладные программы выполняют поставлен­ную вами конкретную задачу (удовлетворяют вашу потребность).

3) Этот класс программ самый многочисленный и перспективный с точки зрения маркетинга.

4) Системные программы предназначены для кон­кретных устройств компьютерной системы.

5) Устанавливая драйвер, вы «учите» систему «по­нимать» вновь присоединенное устройство.

6) Когда компьютер впервые включается, одна из системных программ должна быть загружена в его память,

7) Развитие систем электронной коммуникации за последние пять лет стимулировала много к производ­ству соответствующих программных продуктов возра­стающим числом компаний-разработчиков.

Задание 16.7.Дайте определение, используя сло­варь:

1) Software

2) Driver

3) Application software

4) Operating system

5) Communication software

6) Computer

7) Peripheral device

8) Operating system

Operating systems

When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instruc­tions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instruc­tions for working with hardware devices were very com­plex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.

Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store infor­mation in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.

DOSis the most commonly used PC operating system. ' DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system.DOS : was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS \ is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first - \ released the IBM PCin 1981,IBM licensed DOS from "* Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.

The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they in­crease the version number.

Windows NT(new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT re­quires a 386 or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. Howev­er, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities.

OS/2is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system.

Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 prein-stalled.

UNIXis a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users ac­cessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS com­patible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.

Windows 95& 98are the most popular user-orient­ed operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even lit­tle kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system. Win­dows 95 requires 486 with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.

Working vocabulary (В ваш словарь):

complex — сложный

to consume — потреблять

consumer — потребитель

to realize — осознать

smart — умный, умно

decade — декада, десятилетие

version — версия

to enhance — расширять, увеличивать

top — верх, вершина

on top of DOS — « сверху», на основе ДОС

compatible — совместимый

with a click of a mouse — одним нажатием кнопки мыши

access — доступ

to allow — позволять

multiple users — многочисленные пользователи

simultaneously — одновременно

to desire — желать

to ship — поставлять, доставлять

General understanding (Общее понимание текста):

1) What problems faced programmers in the 1940's andl950's?

2) Why first programs were «complex» and «timeconsuming»?

3) What are the basic functions of operating system?

4) What does DOS abbreviation means?

5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system? For what purpose? Was the new oper­ational system successful?

6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS?

7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is it DOS-compatible? What are the basic requirements for NT?

8) Who is the developer of OS/2?

9) What makes UNIX so different from the other op­erational systems?

10 )What are the remarkable features of Windows 95?

Задание 16.8. Заполните пропуски:

1) Like NT,... is DOS compatible and provides a graph­ical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse.

2)... is the most commonly used PC operating system 3)... is a multi-user operating system that allows mul­tiple users to access the system

4)... is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows programs.

5)The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly.

a) UNIX

b) DOS

c) c)NT

d)OS/2

e) Windows 95

Задание 16.9. Какие из приведенных ниже утвер­ждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст.

1) When computers were first introduced in 40s and 50's programmers had to write programs to instruct CD-ROMs, laser printers and scanners.

2) The operational system control and manage the use of the hardware and the memory usage.

3) There are no commands available in operating sys­tems, only word processors.

4) Microsoft developed MS-DOS to compete with IBM's PC-DOS.

5) NT requires computers with 486 CPU and 16 M ran­dom access memory.

6) OS/2 is DOS compatible because it was developedby Microsoft.

7) Traditionally, UNIX was run by many users simultaneously

8) Windows 95 and Windows 98 are DOS compatible and have very «friendly» and convenient interface.

Задание 16.10. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте:

1) Современная операционные системы контроли­руют использование системного оборудования, напри­мер, принтера и мыши.

2) С точки зрения пользователя, операционные си­стемы PC-DOS и MS-DOS идентичны, с равными возможностями и набором системных команд.

3) OS/2 — DOS совместимая операционная систе­ма, позволяющая запускать программы при помощи
графического интерфейса пользователя.

4) Дополнительные программы для работы с уст­ройствами системного оборудования были очень слож­ны и поглощали много времени.

5) Операционная система также позволяет запус­кать программы, такие как простейший текстовый редактор.

6) DOS — наиболее распространенная операцион­ная система для персонального компьютера.

INTRODUCTION TO THE WWW AND THE INTERNET

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of top­ics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of in­formational exchange They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are con­nected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Inter­net. But it's not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser.\The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is grow­ing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 mil­lion users of the WWW, and more than half the infor­mation that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hard­ware) connected to a network that is a part of the Inter­net, and by using a program (software) to browse or re­trieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical inter­face. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyper­links or links. vEach link you select represents a docu­ment, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internets. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And of course you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a much of use and fun it is.

Working vocabulary (В ваш словарь):

retrieve — извлекать

variety — спектр

recreation — развлечение

network — сеть

share — делить

humanities — гуманитарные науки

business transaction — коммерческие операции

web — паутина

browser — броузер (прграмма поиска информации)

to provide — обеспечивать чем-либо

provider — провайдер (компания, предоставляю­щая доступ к WWW через местные телефонные сети) broadcast live — передавать в прямом эфире site — страница, сайт to link — соединять hyperlink — гиперссылка to compete — соревноваться access — доступ

General understanding (Общее понимание текста):

1) What is Internet used for?

2) Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions are possible through the Internet?

3) What is World Wide Web?

4) What is a Web browser?

5) What does user need to have an access to the WWW?

6) What are hyperlinks? ⁺*7) What resources are available on the WWW?

8) What are the basic recreational applications of WWW?

Задание 17.1. Какие из приведенных ниже утвер­ждений верны / неверны? Аргументируйте свой от­вет, опираясь на текст.

1) There are still not so many users of the Internet.

2) There is information on all sorts of topics on the internet, including education and weather forecast.

3) People can communicate through e-mail and chat programs only.

4) Internet is a tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information in the same basic way.

5) You can access information available on the World Wide Web through the Web browser.

6) You need a computer (hardware) and a special pro­gram (software) to be a WWW user.

7) You move from site to site by clicking on a portion of text only.

8) Every time the user wants to move somewhere on the web he/she needs to step by step enter links and addresses.

9) Films and pictures are not available on the Internet.

10) Radio and TV.-broadcasting is a future of Inter­net. It's not available yet.

Задание 17.2. Дайте определение, используя сло­варь:

1) Internet

2) World Wide Web

3) Web browser

4) Internet provider

5) Hyperlinks

Задание 17.3. Найдите эквиваленты в тексте:

Л) Объем ресурсов и услуг, которые являются час­тью WWW растет чрезвычайно быстро.

2) Каждая ссылка, выбранная вами представляет документ, графическое изображение, видеоклип или аудио-файл где-то в Интернет.

3) Интернет может быть также использован для целей развлечения.

4) Вы получаете доступ к ресурсам интернет через интерфейс или инструмент, который называется веб-броузер.

5) Вся эта деятельность возможна благодаря десят­кам тысяч компьютерных сетей, подключенных к Интернету и обменивающихся информацией в одном режиме.

6) Пользователи общаются через электронную по­чту, дискуссионные группы, чэт-каналы (многока­нальный разговор в реальном времени) и другие сред­ства информационного обмена.

Задание 17.4. Заполните пропуски:

1) You access the information through one interface or tool called a ...

2) People connected to the WWW through the local ... have access to a variety of information.

3) The user doesn't need to know where the site is, the ... follows the...

4) In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the... Each ... provides a graphical interface.

5) Local ... charge money for their services to access ... resources.

Words to match with:

1) Web browser, providers, link, WWW.

Приложение 1