Statutes, Regulations and Decisions
All the laws under which you live and work exist somewhere, in black and white. We have already noted what they are: the U.S. Constitution, the constitution of your state, the acts or statutes adopted by the U.S. Congress and by the legislature of your state and the local ordinances of your community's legislature. These are, altogether, the constitutional and the legislative laws that affect you. The administrative laws or regulations include, for example, the rules of the motor vehicle bureau of your state or the regulations of the Internal Revenue Service. Finally, there are the decisions by the courts of the United States and of your own state. These decisions have the full force of the law behind them, meaning that what they say you must do, and the government will force you to do, under penalty of fine or imprisonment, or both.
You may ask where and how you can find all these laws and regulations. To find them all, you would have to go to a large public library. But to find the court cases that are meaningful to you, to interpret and understand them, you must go to a lawyer.
UNIT 8
' CONVERSATION
– Excuse me. Can you tell me where South Street is, please?
– Take the second turn on the left and then ask again.
– Is it far?
– No, it's only about five minutes' walk.
– Many thanks.
– Not at all.
– Excuse me, please. Could you tell me the way to the station?
– Turn round and turn left at the traffic-lights.
– Will it take me long to get there?
– No, it's no distance at all.
– That's OK.
± FOCUS ON GRAMMAR AND PRACTICE
| INDIRECT SPEECH | КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ И ПРАВИЛА СОГЛАСОВАНИЯ ВРЕМЕН |
Правило согласования времен заключается в том, что если в косвенной речи сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения – в одном из прошедших времен.
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
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| Present Indefinite “I like this idea.” | Past Indefinite He said that he liked this idea. |
| Present Continuous “Itis raining.” | Past Continuous He observed that it was raining. |
| Present Perfect “I have met him before.” | Past Perfect He said that hehad met him before. |
| Past Indefinite “Iexamined the room.” | Past Perfect He replied that he had examined the room. |
| Future Indefinite “They will be late.” | Future in the Past I was afraid that theywould be late. |
| Present Perfect Continuous “I have been working hard.” | Past Perfect Continuous He explained that he had been working hard. |
| Past Perfect “I had not seen her before that day.” | Past Perfect He remarked that he had not seen her before that day. |
| Past Continuous “I was reading while Ann was playing the piano.” | Past Continuous He said that he was reading while Ann was playing the piano. |
?
| “Do you live in this house?” | He was interested / wanted to know if (whether) I lived in that house. |
| “Why did you stop here?” | He asked (me) why I had stopped there. |
!
| “Bring me that book, please” | He told me to bring him that book. |
| “Be careful, please.” | He asked me to be careful. |
| “Don’t move!” | He ordered me not to move. |
| “Yes, I’ll come.” | He answered in the affirmative. He agreed / promised to come. |
| “No, I won’t come.” | He answered in the negative. He didn’t agree to come. |
Обратите внимание!
1. Правила согласования времен не действуют, если то о чем говорят, актуально и на данный момент.
We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.
2. Модальные глаголы might, could, would, should, ought to, must (должнобыть) не изменяются в косвенной речи:
We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
She said that she might bring a friend to the party.
Must (должен) – можно оставить без изменения или заменить на had to.
3. В косвенной речи имеет место замена наречий и местоимений.
today → that day
"I saw him today", she said.
She said that she had seen him that day.
yesterday → the day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said.
She said that she had seen him the day before.
the day before yesterday → two days before
"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.
He said that he had met her two days before.
tomorrow → the next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said.
He said that he would see me the next day.
the day after tomorrow → in two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.
They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.
next week/month/year → the following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", she said.
She said that she had an appointment the following week.
last week/month/year → the previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told us.
He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.
ago → before
"I saw her a week ago", he said.
He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time) → that
"I'm getting a new car this week", she said.
She said she was getting a new car that week.
this/that (adjectives) → the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked.
He asked if I liked the shirt.
here → there
He said, "I live here".
He told me he lived there.
Местоимения, как правило, меняются на 3-е лицо, если говорящий не передает свои собственные слова.
He said: "I like your new car." He told her that he liked her new car.
I said: "I'm going to my friend's house." I said that I was going to my friend's house.