Ученые нашли возможные причины гени- альности Эйнштейна
Изучение фотографий мозга Альберта Эйн- штейна выявило необычные анатомические харак- теристики, которые, возможно, объясняют вы- дающиеся способности физика.
Самой необычной характеристикой мозга ве- ликого физика считалась его масса - 1230 граммов. Это значение близко к нижней границе нормы. Автор исследования Дин Фальк (DeanFalk) заклю- чила, что теменные доли мозга Эйнштейна значи- тельно превосходят по размеру среднестатистиче- ские (avarage). Кроме того она установила, что у физика были переразвиты определенные структу- ры моторной коры, контролирующие движения левой руки. Эти образования обычно связывают с музыкальной одаренностью - они даже получили название музыкальных шишек (сам Эйнштейн с
детства играл на скрипке). Третьей особенностью, выявленной Фальк, стал необычный рисунок бороздок в затылочной области обоих полу- шарий.
Автор исследования подчер- кивает, что утверждение о связи
между необычными структурными особенностями мозга Эйнштейна и его гениальными способно- стями является всего лишь гипотезой.
21. Here is the first chapter of one scientist’s di- ary.Here in after you will read it and discover things about this scientist’s life. Translate it into English us- ing the words you have learned.
11.11.2015
День начинается с просмотра последних но- востей в мире науки. Обычно я читаю журнал
«Вестник Российской Академии Наук», так как хочу быть в курсе собы-
тий, ведь я – сотрудник научной лаборатории. Мы с сотрудниками занимаемся разработкой препара- та, способного уничтожить раковые клетки и тем самым прекратить развитие заболевания. Часто мы собираемся вместе, чтобы отдохнуть и поделиться новыми идеями.
Пять часов вечера. Нечасто мне удаётся вы- биться из лаборатории в такую рань. Обычно в это же время дочь приходит из школы. В отличии от меня, она увлекается точными науками. Мы с же- ной поддерживаем ее выбор. Мне же сегодня можно отдохнуть (хотя я терпеть не могу попусту тратить время), чтобы завтра с новыми силами на- чать постановку следующей серии экспериментов.
22. Write a “For” and “Against” essay (200-250 words) on one of the topics according the plan:
1) All our likes and dislikes are influenced by the environment. Agree or disagree.
2) Our future depends on our bringing-up. Agree or disagree.
3) The likes show the man as the morning shows the day.
4) Genius is not an inborn human feature.
Unit 2
The Plan for your “For” and “Against” essay:
Introduction. § 1
– present the topic and state the problem
– make a general remark about it without giving your opinion.
Main Body. § 2, 3
– arguments “for” (3 points)
– arguments “against” (3 points) (support your arguments with examples) Conclusion. § 4
– your opinion based on the given arguments
Education
You study at the uni- versity. Do you know when your university was founded?
Do you think if you have quite modern educa- tion or some things here are much to be desired?
1. Read and translate the text.
The History of Education
As long as we live we continue to learn, and the education we receive when we are young helps us to continue learning. We are taught to read and write, and we are taught many of the essential facts about the world and shown how to sort them out so that the later in life, we shall be able to find out things ourselves and not to ask other people.
The first teachers were fathers and mothers, but very early in the history of man children began to be taught by people other than their fathers and mothers. It is thought that schools first started in Egypt 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, and that it was the invention of writ- ing which made them necessary. Reading and writing were quite different from the skills used in everyday
life, and writing made it possible to store up knowl- edge which grew with each generation. Specially trained people were therefore needed to teach it.
Only the sons of nobles attended the first Egyptian schools, which taught reading, physical education and good behavior. In ancient India the priestly caste de- cided what should be taught to each of the four castes, or groups, into which people were divided.
Only the priestly caste was allowed to learn the Hindu scriptures. In China, until 19th century, educa- tion was organized according to social classes, and consisted largely of learning the scriptures by heart.
A clear example of the way in which even neighboring peoples produce different types of educa- tion came from ancient Greece. Sparta and Athens were two Greek states. To Spartans, hard and warlike people gave a purely military education to their chil- dren. At the age of seven all boys of noble families were taken from their homes and sent to live in schools. They were kept under a very strict discipline and were taught hunting, military scouting, swimming and the use of weapons. The Spartans despised litera- ture, and some people think they could not even read.
At the very same time, also for the nobles only, the Athenians were building what we call a liberal educa- tion – one that helps a man to develop all sides of his nature, helps him to make and appreciate beautiful things and helps him to find the best way of life. They thought it was important to educate the body as well as the mind, and had a program of physical training which consisted of running, jumping, wrestling and
throwing the discus. As time went on Athenian educa- tion paid special attention to reading, writing and lit- erature and these were taught by a special teacher, known as the “grammatist”. Common people were not educated; they were trained in craftsmanship, work- manship and trades.
Greek philosophers, or thinkers, always discussed what education should try to do and what it should in- clude. Plato wrote a book called The Republic, which is one of the best books ever written on education, and since those days Greek ideas have influenced Euro- pean education, especially secondary and university education.
The Romans were very good at organizing, and they were the first people to have schools run by gov- ernment free of charge. Throughout their great empire there was a network of these schools which provided for three stages of education.
At six or seven all boys (and some girls) went to primary school, where they learned “three R’s”: read- ing, writing and arithmetic. Most children were not taught more than this; but at 12 or 13, boys of the rich families went on the “grammar” school to study Greek and Latin languages and literature, that is, what had been written in those languages. At 16, young nobles who wanted to enter politics or the service of their country went to schools of rhetoric to be trained in rhetoric, or public speaking.
In Great Britain the first teachers we read about were craftsmen. They taught children to read, write and count, to cook and mend their own shoes. In early
19th century the main system of teaching was the “Monitor” system. The teacher could manage a class of 100 or more by using older pupils or “monitors” to help him. The schools had long desks which were sometimes arranged in tiers so that the teacher could see every child in a large class.
Vocabulary
university, undergraduate studies, liberal arts/arts/liberals (humanities), sciences, major/to ma- jor, minor, undergrad(uate) students/undergrads.
3. Translate into English.
1) В течение всей жизни человек получает
знания.
2) Также он изучал и другие дисциплины, та- кие как биохимия и иммунология.
according to appreciate (v) as well as
be allowed to behavior
by heart common people consist of (v) decide (v) despise (v) develop (v) early
essential find out (v)
free of charge hard people include (v)
influence (v) invention
keep under a discipline knowledge
liberal education necessary
pay special attention possible
produce (v) provide for (v) quite different run by (v)
sort out (v) store up (v)
the use of weapons therefore
throw(v)
3) Во время занятия преподаватель обратил внимание на спряжение неправильных глаголов.
4) В отличие от начального и среднего, выс- шее образование даже в развитых странах не явля- ется всеобщим.
5) После многочисленных неудач ученому удалось запатентовать свое оригинальное изобре- тение.
6) Образовательный процесс в частной шко- ле очень сильно отличается от образования в го- сударственной школе.
7) За последние четыре дня я видел эту кар- тину четыре раза и знал ее почти наизусть.
8) Хороший студент должен обладать не только знаниями и умениями, но и дисциплиниро- ванным поведением.
9) Я презирал его за трусость и слабость.
10) В государственной школе образование
2. Give Russian equivalents for the following words:
Primary school, secondary school, high school,
должно быть бесплатным.
4. Give detailed answers to the questions.
1) Why do we need to be taught?
2) When and where the first school started?
3) What made possible to store up knowledge?
4) Who were the pupils of the first schools?
5) What was the organization of education in China until the 19th century?
6) What was the difference between Spartan and Athenian educational system?
7) What are the main principles of liberal educa-
tion?
8) Who was the “grammatist”?
9) Were common people educated?
10) What is the impact of Greek philosophers into the history of education?
11) Who had the schools run by government free of charge?
12) What were the tree stages of Roman educa-
tion?
13) Who were the first teachers in Britain?
14) What was the main system of teaching in the early 19th century?
15) Who were “monitors”?
5. Arrange the following statements in their logi- cal order. Explain and expand them.
· Spartans gave a military education to their children
· Only the priestly caste was allowed to learn the Hindu scriptures
· Greek ideas influenced European education
· Schools first started in Egypt 5,000 to 6,000
years ago
· The Romans were very good at organizing
· The “Monitor” system
· The first teachers were fathers and mothers
· People were divided into the four castes
· In Great Britain the first teachers were crafts-
men
· Sometimes neighboring peoples produced dif- ferent types of education
· Liberal education helped a man to develop all sides of his nature
6. Speak on the new facts you found in the text. What wondered you or what information was new for you? Can you add some other historical information about the history of education?
7. Think over the ways of retelling the story to stir up the audience.
8.
|
| e. uniform f. exams g. other differences |
9. Translate it into English using the words you’ve learned.
Образование — это целенаправленный про- цесс воспитания и обучения в интересах человека, общества, государства.
Обычно образование подразумевает, что учи- тель обучает учеников чтению, письму, математи- ке, истории и другим наукам. Преподаватели по узким специальностям, таким как астрофизика, право, география или зоология, могут обучать только данному предмету, обычно в университетах и других вузах. Существует также преподавание профессиональных навыков, например, вождения. Кроме образования в специальных учреждениях существует также самообразование, например, че- рез Интернет, чтение, посещение музеев или лич- ный опыт.
10. Write the plural formof the following.
story, play, glass, flag, photo, name, match, knife, bush, chief, page, radio, roof, prize, child, goose, man, foot, mouse, woman, sheep, person, deer, tooth, fel- low-worker, merry-go-round, man-of-war, passer-by, sister-in-law, forget-me-not, room-mate.
11. Remember the numerals. Answer the ques- tions. Write the numbers in full.
1) How many minutes are there in two hours? 2)
How many kilometers are there in a mile? 3) What is your normal temperature? 4) How much do you weigh? 5) How many cents are there in $2, 5? 6) How many days are there in a year? 7) When were you born? 8) What is your telephone number? 9) What is the number of your flat? 10) What is the approximate population of Russia?
12. Write these numbers in English.
1) 567 11) 3 August
2) 6 1/2 12) 969 64 85 (phone)
3) 3,267 13) - 3° C
4) 8.93 14) (In) 1907
5) 0.34 15) +15° F
6) 7 1/2 16) 3,000,000,000
7) 2,359,000 17) 7,082
8) 11.06 18) 40-0 (tennis game)
9) 58% 19) 37%
10) 9 May 20) 4-1 (football match)
13. Correct the mistakes (if any) in these sen- tences.
1) The radio said that there were more than ten thousand people taking parts in the meeting. 2) She bought two dozens eggs. 3) My birthday is on the twenty-one of March. 4) His telephone number is four six seven, five naught, nine two. 5) There are two hundred fifteen pages in this book. 6) Write down the following: zero point six hundred and twelve plus six
point naught two. 7) This is twenty-five per cents of the total. 8) The game ended with the score three zero.
14. Remember Simple Past. Choose out markers referring to this tense.
Yesterday, now, never, 2 days ago, sometimes, for, today, 1 year before, at the present moment, the day before yesterday
15. Translate into English paying attention to
Simple Past Tense.
1) Он вынул часы из кармана и положил их на стол. 2) Этот поезд останавливался на каждой станции. 3) Во время каникул я побывал в Риме. 4) Он перепрыгнул через забор (fence), прошел через лужайку (lawn) и открыл дверь своим ключом. 5) Так как большинство домов в Лондоне в XVII веке было построено из дерева, они все сгорели во вре- мя пожара. 6) Вор (thief) проник в дом через окно, вынул драгоценности (jewelry) из сейфа, сорвал картину со стены, а затем вышел через дверь. 7) Я люблю путешествовать на велосипеде. В прошлом году я объехал всю Грецию на моем старом вело- сипеде. 8) Я случайно вскрыла ваше письмо.
16. Think of Simple Past and Past Progressive. Choose the correct underlined answer.
1) I studied/was studying politics at university.
2) He studied/was studying the effects of radia- tion when he suddenly died.
3) When I woke up this morning it rained/ was raining.
4) It rained/was raining every single day of the holidays.
5) It was 8.00 in the morning. A lot of peo- ple stood/were standing at the bus stop, waiting to go to work.
6) A magnificent oak tree stood/was standing in the middle of the garden.
17. Read this dialogue and choose the right vari- ant of the answer:
Woman:I'd like to get a part-time job this semes- ter since tuition's gone up so much.
Man:That makes sense. Just make sure you don't get in over your head; we're here to go to school, after all.
What does the man mean?
(A) He wants to go to school together.
(B) He thinks that she should work very hard and earn as much money as possible.
(С) He agrees that she should work her way through college.
(D) He thinks that she fell for him head over heels.
18. Translate other word-combinations referring schools and education. Use them in sentences of your own.
a school for gifted children, to be kept after school, comprehensive school, correspondence school, divinity school, private school;
broad education, compulsory education, health educa- tion, in-service education;
residential college, electoral college, College of Phy-
sicians.
19. Translate the following sentences paying at- tention to the words in bold type:
1) I’m teachingEnglish to Italian students.
2) My father taughtme to swim.
3) Next time he comes home late lock him out, that’ll teachhim a lesson!
4) I passthe sport center on the way to work
5) I passedmy English exam yesterday.
6) Several years had passedbefore she realized the truth.
7) We passedeach other on the staircase
8) Parliament passeda series of important meas- ures in 1994.
20. Read the text.