Study the information and tell about the branches of biology which are closer to your interests.

1 Anatomy deals with the structure of living things.

2 Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.

3 Biochemistry examines the chemical processes and substances that occur in living things.

4 Biophysics applies the tools and techniques of physics to the study of living things.

5 Botany is the study of plants.

6 Cryobiology analyses how extremely low temperatures affect.

7 Cytobiology studies the structure, composition, and functions of cells.

8 Ecology concerns the relationships living things have with one another and with their environment.

9 Embryology deals with the formation and development of plants and animals from fertilization until they become independent organisms.

10 Entology is the study of insects.

11 Ethology concerns animal behaviour under natural conditions.

12 Evolutionary biology is the study of the evidence supporting the theory of evolution.

13 Genetics is the study of heredity.

14 Ichthyology is the study of fish.

15 Immunology concerns the body's defenses against disease and foreign substances.

16 Limnology studies bodies of fresh water and the organisms that live in them.

17 Marine biology investigates life in the sea.

18 Medicine is the science and art of healing.

19 Microbiology deals with microscopic organisms.

20 Molecular biology analyses molecular processes in cells.

21 Neurobiology deals with the nervous system of animals.

22 Ornithology is the study of birds.

23 Paleontology is the study of fossils.

24 Pathology examines the changes in the body that can cause disease or are caused by disease.

25 Physiology deals with the functions of living things.

26 Sociobiology focuses on the biological basis for social behaviour in human beings and other animals.

27 Systematics, also called taxonomy, is the scientific classification of plants and animals.

28 Virology concerns viruses and virus diseases.

29 Zoology is the study of animals.

3. Read the text and answer the question:

What “life activities” does a living thing show?

What is Biology

Biology is the study of living things. If something is alive, it will show "life activities." These are respiration (energy release), nutrition (feeding), excretion (getting rid of waste products), reproduction, growth, sensitivity (reacting to surroundings), and movement. Different branches of biology concentrate on particular areas, such as botany or zoology. So far, about 1.7 million species of living things have been identified. Millions of species have yet to be discovered and classified.

Read the text and tell about the differences in sensitivity of plants and animals.

Sensitivity

To avoid danger and to find the best conditions for life, living things must be able to detect changes in their surroundings and react to them. This is sensitivity.

Animals usually react quickly because they have sense organs (such as eyes) to receive information, and nervous systems to carry information.

Plants react more slowly, growing, for example, toward a stimulus such as light. Light, sounds, chemicals, touch, and temperature changes are all examples of stimuli

5. Read the text and find equivalents to the Russian words:

Потомство, передавать, хромосомы.

Reproduction

All living things eventually die. In order to prevent whole groups of organisms from dying out, living things must produce young that are like themselves.

This process is called reproduction. In most species two parents are needed to produce offspring, whereas in some species only one parent is needed. During reproduction the parents pass on information about how their offspring will look and develop. This information is carried and passed on through the chromosomes.

Read the text and say what are herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.

Nutrition

The way that organisms get their food is called nutrition. Food provides the building materials for growth and repair ,as well as energy for all the organism's life activities. The ultimate source of energy is the sun. Plants use the energy in sunlight to make their own food. Organisms that cannot make their own food must feed on others. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat animals, and omnivores eat both.

Read the text and say if the statements are true or false; correct false sentences.

Food and Digestion

Organisms need food for energy, growth, and repair of old and damaged tissues. Most animals eat plants or other animals, so their food is made up of large, complex molecules. These must be digested (broken down) to simpler, smaller molecules before they can be absorbed and carried to all parts of the body. Proteins are broken down into amino acids. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars. Fats are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.

1. Proteins are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.

2. Fats are broken down into amino acids.

3. Carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars.

8. Read the text and find English equivalents to the Russian sentences:

1. Митохондрии – это склады энергии клетки. Они выдают всю необходимую ей энергию.

2. При дыхании отбирается энергия, хранящаяся в пище.

3. Способ, с помощью которого организмы получают энергию для обеспечения жизненных процессов, называется дыханием.

4. Углекислый газ и вода являются продуктами отходов.

5. При этом процессе выделяется энергия в виде химического вещества, называемого АТФ.

Respiration

The way in which organisms obtain energy to power their life processes is called respiration, and this takes place in their cells. Respiration takes the energy stored in foods (such as glucose) and changes it into a form that can be used by the cell.

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell; they release all the energy it needs. Glucose enters the mitochondria and combines with oxygen. This process gives off energy in the form of a chemical called ATP. Carbon dioxide and water are the waste products.

9. Read the text and find English equivalents to the Russian words:

Происходить, отходы, процесс избавления, скапливаться, выделять, распад, излишний, пища, испражнение.

Excretion

The chemical reactions that take place inside cells produce waste products. Getting rid of these is called excretion. Excretion is necessary because if the waste products were allowed to build up, they would poison and kill the organism. Plants and animals excrete carbon dioxide from respiration. Plants also excrete oxygen, a waste product of photosynthesis, during the day. Animals need to get rid of waste from the breakdown of excess proteins in their diet. Expelling waste matter after digestion is defecation, not excretion.