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Сколько лет проживем?

Скоро каждый желающий сможет узнать, сколько лет ему отпущено природой. Разработанный испанцами тест измеряет длину ДНК на концах хромосом. Эти участки, называемые теломерами, защищают ДНК от повреждений. Со временем теломеры становятся слишком короткими, в результате чего клетка перестает делиться и умирает, что ускоряет процесс старения. На основе этого был сделан вывод, что люди с короткими теломерами живут меньше.

Исследователи считают, что тест получит широкое распространение в ближайшие 5-10 лет и поможет в борьбе с раком, сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями и болезнью Альцгеймера.

3. Выполнить задания теста.

Утверждено на заседании кафедры

протокол № ___ от «__» ___________ 2016 г.

Зав. кафедрой:_________________ Кайсагалиева Г.С

Утверждено на заседании УМС факультета

протокол № ___ от «__» ___________ 2016 г.

председатель УМС факультета_____________ Айманова Е.Е.

Западно-Казахстанский Государственный Университет им. М. Утемисова

Естественно-географический факультет

Кафедра Биологии и экологии

Шифр, специальность 5В011300 - «Биология»

Предмет « Профессионально-ориентированный английский язык»

Билет № 15

1. Прочитать и перевести текст, выполнить задание к тексту.

DNA Replication

DNA replication is a very complex process during which mistakes happen. Uncorrected mistakes may lead to harmful mutations. In the living cell, errors are kept to a very low frequency (about one in 109) by a number of repair mechanisms. One such mechanism is mismatch repair. This is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase which 'proofreads' newly formed DNA against its template as soon as it is added to the strand. If it finds an incorrectly paired nucleotide, the polymerase reverses its direction of movement, removes the incorrect nucleotide, and replaces it before replication continues. The process is similar to correcting a typing error by going back a space, deleting the error, and typing in the correct letter before continuing.

A chemical that carries inherited information must be able to copy itself exactly. Complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and between cytosine and guanine makes this possible.

Watson and Cricks description of DNA suggested that, during replication, the hydrogen bonds connecting base pairs are disrupted allowing the two polynucleotide chains to unwind from one another. Each chain then acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary polynucleotide chain. It was suggested that the DNA molecule 'unzips' from one end and new nucleotides already present in the nucleus bind with their complementary bases in each exposed chain. This therefore forms two identical molecules of DNA from the single parent molecule.

Answer these questions.

1. List the ingredients Kornberg used to make DNA in the test tube.

2. During DNA replication, what is the function of:

a) helicases

b) DNA binding proteins

c) DNA polymerase

d) DNA ligase?

3 What is the process of DNA replication?

2.Fill in the missing words:

1 One such mechanism is mismatch repair. This is carried out by the enzyme……………… which 'proofreads' newly formed DNA against its template as soon as it is added to the strand.

2………………. description of DNA suggested that, during replication, the hydrogen bonds connecting base pairs are disrupted allowing the two polynucleotide chains to unwind from one another.

3 New DNA molecules were formed, which contained the same proportions of the four bases as the original parent DNA. Thiswasastrongindicationthat ……………………………………………………………………..

3 Выполнить задания теста

Утверждено на заседании кафедры

протокол № ___ от «__» ___________ 2016 г.

Зав. кафедрой:_________________ Кайсагалиева.Г.С

Утверждено на заседании УМС факультета

протокол № ___ от «__» ___________ 2016 г.

председатель УМС факультета_____________ Айманова Е.Е.

Западно-Казахстанский Государственный Университет им. М. Утемисова

Естественно-географический факультет

Кафедра Биологии и экологии

Шифр, специальность 5В011300 - «Биология»

Предмет « Профессионально-ориентированный английский язык»

Билет № 16

1. Прочитать и перевести текст, выполнить задание к тексту.

Microscopes

A microscope is used to produce a magnified image of an object or specimen. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first to invent a microscope powerful enough to explore the world of microbes. His discoveries stimulated an explosion of interest in the scientific use of microscopes. Since the 18th century many new types have been invented, of which the most commonly used today are the compound light microscope and the electron microscope.

The compound light microscope is also called a light microscope or optical microscope. The lenses refract (bend) the light to give a magnified image of the object. The image may be projected directly into the viewer’s eye or into photographic film. A photograph taken through a light microscope is called a photomicrograph or light micrograph.

Magnification and resolution

The magnification of an instrument is the increase in the apparent size of the object. The total magnification of a compound microscope is worked out by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by that of the ocular lens.

There is virtually no limit to the magnification produced by a light microscope; it depends on the power of the lenses used. However, above a certain magnification the image becomes blurred and it is impossible to distinguish structures lying close together. This limit of effective magnification is called the resolving power or resolution of the microscope. It is defined as the ability of a microscope to show two objects as separate. The resolving power of the light microscope is limited by the wavelength of light. Light microscopes can magnify objects up to about 1500 times without losing clarity.

Answer these questions.

1. How is the magnification varied in:

a) a light microscope

b) an electron microscope?

2. Why is the resolving power of an electron microscope so much better than of a light microscope?

3. What is the approximate size of the smallest structure that can be observed with a light microscope?

2Fill in the missing words:

Term (verb) Noun Adjective

magnify ....... .......

multiply ....... .......

reflect ....... .......

absorb ....... .......