Read and guess the meanings of the following words.

idea	cylinder
atmosphere	mosaic
periodic	element
theory	alcohol
energy	system
prize	physiology
economics	equivalent

A. Find in the right column Russian equivalents of the following word combinations.

B. Find in the left column English equivalents of the following word combinations.

achievement	вещество
basic	возвращаться
concept	волна
founder	входной
input	выходной
inventor	главный
line	груз
load	движение
matter	допускать
mine	достижение
motion	изобретатель
output	концепция
relation	линия
solution	наблюдать
to accept	определять
to admit	основатель
to determine	основывать
to discover	отвергать
to drive	открывать
to establish	отношение
to observe	предотвращать
to predict	предсказывать
to prevent	принимать
to reject	решение
to return	управлять
wave	шахта

8. Read the text and say what you have learnt about Lomonosov `s contribution to science.

Text

M.V. Lomonosov (1711—1765)

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was a famous Russian writer, chemist and astronomer who made a lot in literature and science.

Lomonosov was born on November 19, 1711, in Denisovka (now Lomonosov), near Archangelsk, and studied at the University of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. After studying in Germany at the Uni­versities of Marburg and Freiberg, Lomonosov returned to St. Petersburg in 1745 to teach chemistry and built a teaching and research laboratory there four years later.

Lomonosov is often called the founder of Russian sci­ence. He was an innovator in many fields. As a scientist he rejected the phlogiston theory of matter commonly accepted at the time and he anticipated the kinetic theo­ry of gases. He regarded heat as a form of motion, sug­gested the wave theory of light, and stated the idea of conservation of matter. Lomonosov was the first person to record the freezing of mercury and to observe the atmosphere of Venus.

Interested in the development of Russian education, Lomonosov helped to found Moscow State University in 1755, and in the same year he wrote a grammar that reformed the Russian literary language by combining Old Church Slavonic with modern language. In 1760 he published the first history of Russia. He also revived the art of Russian mosaic and built a mosaic and colouredglass factory. Most of his achievements, however, were unknown outside Russia. He died in St. Petersburg on April 15, 1765.

9. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:

to be a famous Russian chemist; after studying; to build a teaching and research laboratory; the founder of Russian sci­ence; in many fields; to rejected the phlogiston theory of matter; to anticipate the kinetic theo­ry of gases; to regard heat as a form of motion; to sug­gest the wave theory of light; to state the idea of conservation of matter; to record the freezing of mercury; to observe the atmosphere of Venus; to be interested in the development of Russian education;

Match pairs of words having similar meanings.

to return	growth
To reject	to unite
To anticipate	to come back
To regard	mill
development	to refuse
to combine	to consider
factory	to foresee

11. Find English equivalents to the following words and phrases in the text:

быть заинтересованным в развитии образовании Росси; наблюдать атмосферу Венеры; определить температуру замерзания ртути; предложил волновую теорию света; предвидеть кинетическую теорию газов; отрицать теорию; во многих отраслях; основатель; быть известным русским химиком; после обучения в университете; основать учебно исследовательскую лабораторию.

Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words and phrases.

1. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was a famous Russian (писатель, химик и астроном) who made a lot in (литературе) and (науке).

2. (После обучения) in Germany at the Uni­versities of Marburg and Freiberg, Lomonosov (вернулся) to St. Petersburg in 1745 to teach chemistry and (основал) a teaching and research laboratory.

3. Lomonosov (называют основателем) of Russian sci­ence.

4. He (отрицал) the phlogiston theory of matter and (предвидел) the kinetic theo­ry of gases.

5. He (считал) heat as a form of motion.

6. In 1760 Lomonosov ( опубликовал) the first history of Russia.

7. He (умер) in St. Petersburg on April 15, 1765.