Ex. 2. Read the following international words and guess their meaning.
Process, airplane, type, machinery, limit, percentage, numerous, to adapt, variety, hydraulic, cylinder, agriculture, proportion, manufacture, object, nature, shock, state.
Ex. 3 Translate these words into English:
природа, виробництво, предмет, поштовх ( струс), стан, багато численний, межа, тип, різноманітність.
Ex. 4 Put these words according to the alphabet and translate:
Strong, brittle, present, melt, hard, rapidly, weak, future, difficult, solidify, easy, slowly, casting.
ІІ. Reading
Ex.5. Read and translate the text “Ferrous metals”.
Text A
Ferrous metals
Different metals are widely used in the machine-building industry. Metals applied for industrial purposes are called “engineering metals”. There are two groups of metals: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.
Ferrous metals consist of iron combined with carbon, silicon, phosphorus and other elements. Carbon is the most important of all elements present in ferrous alloys. Ferrous metals are used in industry in two general forms; steel and cast iron, which differ in the quantity of carbon content. Metals are usually melted and poured into a form which is called a “mould”. This process is known as casting. The cast metal is shaped in the mould where it cools and solidifies. Thus one can cast different objects known as castings. The shop where metals are cast is called a “foundry”. Steel is iron with a very little carbon content (from 0.05 to 1.7 per cent) which makes it much stronger than iron and is therefore widely used in machine – building. But very much carbon content makes steel brittle, which reduces its strength. Therefore the carbon content in steel is confined to certain limits.
Cast iron contains a higher percentage of carbon than steel does. Grey iron foundries are the most numerous, because grey iron can be cast into any shape and size. Grey iron is also adapted to a great variety of castings, such as automobile, gas, steam, and hydraulic engine cylinder, bed plates for machines, car wheels and so on. Grey iron castings can be made so hard that ordinary tool steel will not cut them or, on the other hand, so soft that they can be readily machined. However, in comparison with other casting metals grey iron is weak and will not stand great shock. The alloy of grey castings is composed of iron, carbon, silicon, phosphorus, manganese, and sulphur. These elements are used in different proportions depending on the grade of castings.
Alloy grey iron is one of the latest alloys developed and has a promising future. Malleable iron castings are being increasingly used every year in the manufacture of machinery. Malleable iron castings are being increasingly used every year in the manufacture of machinery. Malleable iron can be cast into very large bodies on account of its shrinkage and because of the difficulty on annealing. It is the most easily machined of all ferrous alloys. It has to be melted very hot and poured very rapidly, because it solidifies quickly. Malleable iron castings are used in agriculture machinery, railroad equipment, automobile parts and many other products.
ІІІ. Language
Ex.6. Match word and word combinations in column A with those in column B:
| A 1 .чорні метали 2. кольорові метали 3. чавун 4. спец. легірований чавун 5. ковкий чавун 6. вуглець 7. марганець 8. сірка 9. відливка 10. ливарний завод 11. ливарний завод 12. інструментальна сталь 13. випалювати 14. деталь | B 1. to anneal 2. malleable iron 3. part 4. cast iron 5. foundry 6. manganese 7. carbon 8. sulphur 9. tool steel 10. mould 11. alloy cast iron 12. non – ferrous metals 13. ferrous metals 14. casting |
Ex.7. Find in the text nouns for these verbs:
To cast, to alloy, to anneal, to machine, to equip, to produce, to compare, to manufacture.
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks using the following words:
a) steel, b) metals, c) the shop, d) on account of, e) limits, f) are tested,
g) percentage
1. _________is a very strong metal that is made from iron mixed with another carbon.
2. All our parts _________for strength before they leave the factory.
3. Malleable iron can be cast into very large bodies ________ its shrinkage and of the difficulty on annealing.
4. Cast iron contains a higher _________of carbon than steel does.
5. Different ________are widely used in the machine building.
6. Therefore the carbon content in steel is confined to certain _____.
7. _______where metals are cast is called a foundry.
Ex.9. Complete the sentences. Use the words given below:
1. The alloy of grey castings is composed of … .
a) tungsten, sulphur, nickel, carbon
b) carbon, vanadium, manganese and chromium
c) silicon, manganese, phosphorus, carbon, sulphur and iron
2. Steel is iron with a … .
a) very little carbon content
b) very large carbon content
c) insignificant carbon content
3. The shop where metals are cast is called … .
a) a mould
b) a foundry
c) a furnace
4. Very much carbon makes steel brittle … .
a) which increase its strength
b) which decreases its strength
c) which improves its strength
5. Malleable iron has to be poured very rapidly because … .
a) it melts very quickly
b) it anneals very quickly
c) it solidifies very quickly
Ex.10. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Чорні метали використовуються в промисловості в двох формах, як сталь та чавун.
2. Ковкий чавун можуть переправляти у великі маси через його високе всідання.
3. Сірий чавун можуть переплавляти в різні відливки.
4. Вуглець є найважливішим елементом , що присутній в чорних сплавах.
5. Чавун містить більше вуглецю ніж сталь.
Ex.11. Ask questions to get the following answers:
1. Metals applied for industrial purposes are called “engineering metals”.
2. The cast metal is shaped in the mould where it cools and solidifies.
3. The shop where metals are cast is called a “foundry”. Steel is iron with a very little carbon content (from 0.05 to 1.7 per cent) which makes it much stronger than iron.
4. Very much carbon makes steel brittle, which reduces its strength.
5. In comparison with other casting metals grey iron is weak and will not stand great shock.
6. Alloy grey iron is one of the latest alloys developed and has a promising future.
7. Malleable iron castings are used in agriculture machinery, railroad equipment, automobile parts and many other products.
ІV. Comprehension
Ex. 12. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1. Metals applied for industrial purposes are called “ ferrous metals”
2. Ferrous metals consist of iron combined with carbon, silicon, phosphorus and other elements.
3. Phosphorus is the most important of all elements present in ferrous alloys.
4. Steel is iron with a very little carbon content.
5. Cast iron contains a higher percentage of carbon than copper does.
6. The alloy of grey castings is composed of iron, carbon, silicon, phosphorus, manganese, and sulphur.
7. Alloy grey iron is one of the latest alloys and hasn’t a promising future.
Ex. 13Answer the questions:
1. What are the main two groups of metals?
2. What elements do ferrous metals consist of?
3. What is the difference between iron and steel?
4. What is casting?
5. What do we call the shop where metals are casted?
6. Why is steel widely used in machine – building?
7. What are the main types of iron castings?
V. Oral Practice
Ex. 14. Speak on the following problems:
1. 1.Casting as the process.
2. The characteristics of grey iron casting.
3. The comparison of grey iron casting with other casting metals.
4. The difference between iron and steel.
Ex15. Topic “Ferrous metals”
Different metals are widely used in the machine-building industry. There are two groups of metals: ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Say a few words about ferrous metals giving information on:
1. The composition of metals.
2. The using of metals in industry.
3. The process of casting.
4. The shop where metals are cast.
5. Steel and its contents.
6. The composition of cast iron
7. Grey iron and its characteristics.
8. The comparison of grey iron with other casting metals.
9. The using of malleable iron castings.