Модальный глагол should

Модальный глагол shouldв сочетании с перфект­ным инфинитивом should have doneвыражает дей­ствия, которые должны были произойти в прошлом, но по каким-то причинам не произошли, переводится на русский язык «следовало», «нужно было».

You should have helped them. Вам следовало помочь им.

You should have done this. Вам следовало это сделать, (упрек)

This work should have been

Do ne yesterday. Эту работу нужно было сделать вчера.

Модальный глагол would

Модальный глагол wouldможет иметь следующие значения:

1) Вежливая просьба. Would you help me? He поможете ли вы мне?

2) Повторяемость действия в прошлом. Не would often help me. Он, бывало, часто помогал мне.

3) Стойкое нежелание совершать какие-либо действия. Не wouldn't listen to me. Он никак не хотел слушать меня.

Модальный глагол need

Модальный глагол need- «нужно, надо» употребляется, в основном, в отрицательных предложениях. You need n't do it now. Вам не нужно делать это сейчас.

Модальный глагол shall

Модальный глагол shallупотребляется в тех случаях, когда cпрашивается разрешение на совершение какого-либо действия, и является иногда заменителем модального глагола must. Shall I help you? Вам по­мочь? Shall we translate the text? Нам переводить текст?

Exercise 1. Translate from English into Russian

1. Who is to answer my question?

2. Nobody could translate this text.

3. He has to do this task at once.

4. Must I attend this meeting? - No, you needn't.

5. You should have shown your notes to the teacher.

6. I asked him, but he wouldn't listen to me.

7. They should have visited her, she was in the hospital.

8. Last summer we would often go to the country.

9. Your son could do this work himself.

10. Would you tell me the way to the station?

11. Your friend might have informed us.

12. May I leave for a while? - Yes, you may.

13. She should be more attentive to her parents.

14. You needn't come so early.

Exercise 2. Translate from English into Russian

1.We have to stay at home. 2. He was allowed to take this book. 3. Who is able to do this work? 4. He had to leave for Moscow earlier. 5. We are to take exams in June. 6. Are they allowed to visit you? 7. They were able to do this work in time. 8 I am able to pass my examinations. 9. She'll be allowed to watch TV. 10. I have to come in time. 11.The train is to come soon. 12. Will you be able to drive a car?

Exercise 3. Replace modal verbs with their equivalents

1. Не couldn't explain anything. 2. You must not stay here. 3. Can you swim? 4. You may take these books. 5. They can run quickly. 6. She might work in our room. 7. Who can read this text? 8. They must go there tomorrow. 9. May I go to the cinema? 10. We must meet at 7 o'clock.

Exercise 1. Read and translate the texts

GREAT RUSSIAN ARCHITECTS

V. I. Bazhenov (1737 - 1799)

V. I. Bazhenov (1737 - 1799) was the founder of the Russian architectural classics of the 18-th century. He studied at the Moscow

University and at Art School in Paris. He became a professor and academician of some Italian Academies of Arts, and he was 28 when he became an academician in St. Petersburg, the vice-president of Russian Academy of Arts.

2. Bazhenov was the first Russian architect who designed his structures in their connection with surroundings as a three-dimensional composition, actively organizing town space. In 1784-1786 he created one of his best works, a masterpiece of Russian classical architecture -the famous Pashkov house which is now the old building of the State Library in Moscow.

3. Those who have seen his impressive buildings and looked at them with understanding will feel that he fully succeeded in his purpose and that he gave the world something that will take its place with the greatest structures of the world.

4. In addition to his being an outstanding artist and architect he was also a well-known figure encyclopedically educated. At the same time he was a brilliant practical engineer and an incomparable designer of architectural ensembles, the Kremlin Palace being one of these.

Exercise 1. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words

founder n оcнователь

academician n академик

purpose v цель

encyclopedically adv энциклопедически

dimension n измерение

incomparable adj несравненный, бесподобный

space n пространство, место

designer n дизайнер

to connect v связывать, соединять

impressive adj выразительный, волнующий

Exercise 2. Make up 5 your own sentenses with the words from vocabulary

Exercise 3. Put all kinds of questions on the sentence:

He studied at the Moscow University and at Art School in Paris.

Exercise 4. Translate into English

1.Особенностью архитектурного стиля Баженова является то, что он проектировал свои постройки в их связи с окружающей окрестностью.

2.Он создавал композиции в трех измерениях (трехмерные композиции).

3.Он был инженером-практиком и несравненным дизайнером.

Exercise 5. Retell the text

Exercise 6. Make up your own dialogues.

Imagine the following situation. One of you is Nikitin and another is Bazhenov. Ask each other about scientific work, plans for the future etc.