Freeway closed as ornery oinker hogs traffic
A pig named Mama falls onto the freeway, causing hours of commuter chaos
By SUSAN PAYSENO
Staff reporter
PORTLAND — Westbound traffic on Interstate 84 was backed up for nearly five miles early Monday when “Mama,” a 600-pound hog on the way to slaughter, fell from the back of a truck. For two frustrating hours, the sow refused to budge.
Fred Mickelson told police that he was taking six sows and a boar from his farm in Lyle, Wash., to a slaughterhouse in Carlton when Mama escaped.
“I heard the tailgate fall off, and I looked back and saw her standing in the road,” Mickelson said with a sigh. “I thought: ‘Oh, no. We’ve got some real trouble now.’ ”
Mama was “pretty lively and loud” when she hit the ground, Mickelson said, lumbering between cars and causing havoc on a foggy day.
“That pig really honked off a lot of commuters.”— TRACY COLLINS,Oregon state police
trooper
There were no accidents, police said. After about an hour of chasing the pig with the help of police, Mickelson began mulling over his options, which included having a veterinarian tranquilize the hog.
About 10 a.m., a crew of highway workers arrived and decided to use a front-end loader to pick up the sow and load her back into the truck.
“That pig was in no hurry to move,” said Wally Benson, the highway crew chief. “I think she knew where she was being taken, and she was in no hurry to get there.”
Even the police were sympathetic to the pig’s plight. “That pig really honked off a lot of commuters,” said trooper Tracy Collins — a vegetarian. “But I was sad to see her go.”
The Associated Press / KRAIG SCATTARELLA
Highway workers use a loader to lift Mama, a 600-pound sow, onto a truck Monday on Interstate 84. The pig fell from the truck on the way to slaughter.
Sue Payseno covers traffic and transportation issues in Oregon and Washington. She can be reached at [email protected].
Exercise 3. Look at the newspaper page and identified its structural elements:
Exercise 4. Translate the sentences from Russian into English:
1. На первой странице газеты вы найдете статью, на которую профессор ссылался в своей лекции.
2. Строка с фамилией автора публикации была напечатана таким мелким шрифтом, что почти не читалась.
3. В интервью с известным актером многие цитаты вырваны из контекста, так что их смысл может быть понят превратно.
4. Эта разоблачительная статья о связях бизнеса и криминала стала настоящей бомбой.
5. Наша газета – одна из старейших в Великобритании, поэтому внешний вид строки с ее названием не меняется уже около 100 лет.
6. Для сегодняшней передовицы нам необходимо найти в архиве фотографий изображение губернатора крупным планом.
7. Многие интеллигентные дамы тайком почитывают колонку сплетен в желтой прессе, хотя и не признаются в этом.
8. Я часто задаюсь вопросом, какова дальнейшая судьба девушек, чьи фото в обнаженном виде публикуют в газетах.
9. Чтобы стать звездой спортивной журналистики сегодня, необходимо знать английский в совершенстве, а лучше всего – 2-3 иностранных языка.
10. Согласно подписи под фотографией, она была предоставлена сотрудником известного новостного агентства.
11. Чтобы написать эту статью-объяснение о работе финансового рынка, мне пришлось тщательно изучить эту тему и взять интервью у экспертов.
Grammar
Modal verbs
First of all, modal verbs they can be used when we want to say how sure we are that something happened / is happening / will happen. We often call these 'modals of deduction' or 'speculation' or 'certainty' or 'probability': It's snowing, so it must be very cold outside.
We use 'can' and 'could' to talk about a skill or ability: She can speak six languages.
We can use verbs such as 'must' or 'should' to say when something is necessary or unnecessary, or to give advice: We have to wear a uniform at work.
We can use verbs such as 'can', 'could' and 'may' to ask for and give permission. We also use modal verbs to say something is not allowed: You may not use the car tonight.
We use modal verbs plus perfect infinitive (have + 3rd form) to speculate about the past: Oh no! Where’s my car? Someone must have stolen it!
Structurally, modal verbs are different from normal verbs:
· They don't use an 's' for the third person singular.
· They make questions by inversion ('she can go' becomes 'can she go?').
· They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to').
| Modal | USES | Present / Future | PAST |
| can / could can - can't could | ability / possibility informal permission informal polite request impossibility (negative only) | I can learn modal verbs online. You can use my car tomorrow. Can I borrow your book? Cats can't swim. | I could jump high a few years ago but now I can't. That can't have been true! |
| have to | necessity lack of necessity (negative) | I have to go to class today. I don't have to go to class today. | I had to go to class yesterday. I didn't have to go to class yesterday. |
| may | polite request formal permission less than 50% certainty | May I borrow your book? You may leave the room. He may be at the school. | He may have been at school. |
| might | less than 50% certainty | He might be at school. | He might have been at school. |
| must | strong necessity prohibition 95% certainty | I must go to class today. You must not open that door. Mary isn't in class. She must be sick.(present only) | I had to go to class yesterday. Mary must have been sick yesterday. |
| ought to | advisability 80% certainty | I ought to study tonight. She ought to be at school | I ought to have studied last night. She ought to have done well on the test. |
| shall | ask another person's opinion (only used with I or we) | Shall I invite them too? Shall we dance? | |
| should | advisability 80% certainty | I should study tonight He should be at school | You should have paid your bills. He should have done well on the test |
| need | no obligation or necessity to do something | You needn’ttake off your shoes. |
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with CAN or CAN’T:
1. She is a small baby. She ……………….. eat meat, but she ………………… drink milk.
2. That dress is not expensive. I …………………. buy it.
3. A cat ………………. climb up a tree, but a dog ………………….. .
4. I’m very tired today. I ……………………. clean my room.
5. John is very short. He …………………… play basketball very well.
6. We are very hungry, so we …………………. eat a lot of sandwiches.
7. He is very fat. He …………………… run very fast.
8. We …………………. sleep in the bedroom but we ………………… sleep in the bathroom.
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with CAN / CAN’T or MUST / MUSTN’T:
1. She is ill, so she ………………………. see the doctor.
2. It’s raining heavily. You …………………… take your umbrella.
3. We ………………………………. (not / pick) the flowers in the park.
4. Mike is nine months old. He ……………………………… (not / eat) nuts.
5. I am very tall. So I …………………… play basketball.
6. I’m sorry but we …………………………………………. (not / come) to your party tomorrow.
7. You are speaking very quietly. I ………………………………….. (not / understand) you.
8. …………………….. I use your phone?
9. We …………………….. go to the bank today. We haven’t got any money.
10. My hands are dirty. I ……………………….. wash them.
11. It’s late. I …………………………. go now.
12. You ………………….. stop at a red traffic light.
13. You ………………………………….. (not / speed) in the city.
14. Tourists ……………………… take their passports when they go abroad.
15. Footballers …………………………………….. (not / touch) the ball with their hands.
16. ……………………… you play the guitar?
17. I ……………………………………… (not / come) with you now. Because I’m studying my lessons.
Exercise 3. Use MUST / MUSTN’T / HAVE TO or (NOT) HAVE TO:
1. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I ………………………………………work.
2. Whatever you do, you ……………………. touch that switch. It’s very dangerous.
3. You ………………….. forget what I told you. It’s very important.
4. We ………………………………….. leave yet. We’ve got plenty of time.
5. Ann was feeling ill last night. She ………………………. leave the party early.
6. I ……………………….. go to the bank yesterday to get some money.
7. The windows are very dirty. I …………………….. clean them.
8. The windows aren’t dirty. You ………………………………… clean them.
9. We arrived home very late last night. We …………………….. wait half an hour for a taxi.
10. These cakes are very nice. You …………………… have one.
11. We ………………………………….. take an umbrella. It’s not going to rain.
12. This is a secret. You ……………………………… tell anybody.
13. You ……………………………….. buy a newspaper. You can have mine.
14. This train doesn’t go to London. You …………………………… change at Bristol.
15. In many countries men ……………………………… do military service.
16. Sarah is a nurse. Sometimes she ………………………… work at weekends.
Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks using (NOT) HAVE TO / MUST (NOT) / CAN / COULD:
1. George has traveled a lot. He ……………………… speak four languages.
2. I can’t sing now but I ………………….. sing very well when I was a child.
3. She will stay in bed till 10 o’clock this morning. Because she …………………………..
go to work.
4. Many students in Turkey ………………………… wear uniform when they go to school.
5. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I ……………………….. work late.
6. You’ve been coughing a lot recently. You ……………………….. smoke so much.
7. You have a bad headache. So you ………………………. go to bed early.
8. I can’t swim very far these days but ten years ago I ………………………. swim from one side of the lake to the other.
9. You ……………….. see the sea from our bedroom window.
10. It isn’t permitted to speak Turkish during the lessons. So you …………………… speak Turkish.
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with MUST (NOT) / CAN (NOT) / (NOT) HAVE TO / NEEDN’T:
1. You ………………….. park in that street. It is not permitted.
2. Look at George. He is working very well. He ………………… be ill.
3. There’s someone at the door. I’m expecting Paul. It ………………….. be Paul.
4. Ali’s car is here. He …………………. be here.
5. The baby is asleep. You ……………………….. shout.
6. You’ve got plenty of time. You …………………………….. hurry.
7. A: “Do you want me to wait for you?”
B: “No, it’s OK. You …………………………….. wait.”
8. I can’t get any answer from my telephone. It ………………….. be out of order.
9. Ann stayed in bed this morning because she ……………………………….. go to work.
10. Tom has just given me a letter to post. I …………………. forget to post it.
Exercise 6. Use a suitable present or past MODAL VERB:
1. He ……………………….. play chess when he was young.
2. You …………………….. drive a car when you are 18.
3. ……………………… I ask you a question?
4. She ……………………. be 25. She looks older than that.
5. His telephone doesn’t answer. He ……………………………………….. (go) to the club.
6. She entered the room carrying a wet umbrella. She …………………………………(walk)
in the rain.
7. My car didn’t work this morning. So I ……………………………. walk to the office.
8. He ………………………………………… (be) home, but we didn’t telephone him.
9. She ………………………………………... (help) me a lot by giving me a little of his time, but she preferred to go out.
10. He doesn’t know the answer. He …………………………………………….. (study).
11. I can’t find the house. I ………………………………………….. (write) down the address.
12. She is very sleepy. She ……………………………………. (stay) up very late last night.
13. I ………………… go for a walk later. It depends on the weather.
14. The ground is covered with snow. It ………………………………………… (snow) last night.
15. She …………………………………… (be) in a great hurry to leave for the theater because she left all the dinner dishes on the table.
16. That store has just gone bankrupt. I believe they ………………………………… (have) a stricter policy about giving people credit.
17. I’m afraid Mr. Smith is deaf. He ……………………………………… (not / hear) what you say.
Exercise 7. Draw conclusions using CAN’T / MUST / MIGHT:
1. He drives a very expensive car and owns a private plane. (rich)
………………………………………………………………………………
2. He spends all day walking round the town. (job)
………………………………………………………………………………
3. They are asking the way to the city center. (tourist)
………………………………………………………………………………
4. She works for a daily newspaper. She goes to the big football matches. (sports reporter)
………………………………………………………………………………
5. I thought he studied medicine, but she’s going to an outdoor job now. (doctor)
………………………………………………………………………………
6. She teaches maths at the university. (stupid)
……………………………………………………………………………….
7. A: What happened to your leg?
B: I slipped badly on the ice and broke it.
A: Oh! That …………………………………………. hurt a lot.
B: It does.
8. A: Listen! Do you hear a noise like someone shouting?
B: Yes, I do. The new neighbours upstairs ………………………………… quarrel again.
9. A: I ……………………………………………….. get a rise in my salary soon.
B: What makes you think so?
A: The boss seemed very pleased with my last project.
10. A: That man over there looks like our district manager.
B: No, he ………………………………………. be him. He went to the USA three days ago and hasn’t returned yet.
Exercise 8. Fill in MUST or MUSTN’T:
1. It’s cold. You ……………………….. leave without your jacket.
2. You …………………. eat fruit and vegetables to stay healthy.
3. I ……………………… go to the post office. I have a letter to send.
4. You ……………………….. speak rudely to your parents.
5. You ……………………….. park here – it’s illegal.
6. We ………………………. hurry or we’ll miss the bus.
Exercise 9. Fill in MUSTN’T, DON’T/ DOESN’T HAVE TO , SHOULDN’T, or NEEDN’T:
1. We have a lot of work tomorrow. You … be late.
2. You … tell anyone what I told you. It's a secret.
3. The museum is free. You … pay to get in.
4. John's a millionaire. He … go to work.
5. I … do my washing, because my mother does it for me.
6. We … rush. We've got plenty of time.
7. You … smoke inside the school.
8. You can borrow my dress, but you … get it dirty.
9. They … get up early today because it's Sunday.
10. I …. eat so much cake or I'll get fat!
Unit 8. Newspaper Style
Vocabulary
Exercise 1. Make sure that you remember the following words and expressions.
Abound in – изобиловать, иметься в большом количестве
The seas and oceans that wash the coasts of Russia abound in fish
Abbreviation – аббревиатура
What does this abbreviation stand for?
Allusion – аллюзия
Allusions are culture-specific: a foreigner with a different cultural background isn’t likely to understand them.
Appraisal – оценка
Implicit appraisal can usually be found in all articles, even if the journalists pretend to be unbiased.
Attributive – атрибутивный, определительный
Extended attributive complexes are characteristic of both newspaper style and academic style.
Adverbial modifier – обстоятельство (член предложения)
In most sentences adverbial modifiers of time, place, reason, and manner are used.
Colloquial – разговорный
Colloquial words are very common in most newspapers stories, as they help authors to be on informal terms with the reader.
Condense – сжимать, уменьшать объем
Information in the news should be condensed: broadsheet sentences consist of 30-35 words, and tabloid restrict their sentences to only 20 words.
Emotionally colored – эмоционально окрашенный
The use of emotionally colored words makes stories more personal.
Encapsulate – заключать в капсулу
The medicine that doctor prescribed to me, is encapsulated and easy to take.
Epithet – эпитет
Epithets include not only adjectives, but nouns or nominative phrases as well, such as secret lover, grey-haired pensioner, or woman who put Premier on path to power.
Exclamation – восклицание
Exclamations can be used in headlines to reflect the newspaper’s attitude to the news story.
Expressive force – выразительная сила
Language means possessing expressive force make the reader interested in the story and stimulate him to read on.
Genuine – истинный, подлинный
The words “genuine leather” om shoe sole mean that the shoes are made of natural animal skin.
Gerundial – герундиальный
Gerundial constructions are very often misunderstood by Russian students of English.
Jargonism – жаргонизм
When journalists report events connected with representatives of a particular profession or job, they use jargonisms and professional slang deliberately.
Infinitive complex – инфинитивный комплекс
The use of infinitive complexes is one of typical difficulties of translation.
Inverted – перевернутый
Inverted sentence structure is a powerful syntactic device for creating emotional tension.
Irony – ирония
My favorite anchorman is not only a very accomplished TV presenter; he’s also smart and full of mild irony.
Means (plural only) – средства
Today we are going to look more closely at the stylistic means used to convey the author’s attitude to his characters.
Metaphor – метафора
Today many scholars agree that metaphor is not only a stylistic device, but also a model of thought.
Misspelt word – слово, написанное с нарушением орфографии
Deliberately misspelt words are often used for drawing audience’s attention for advertising purposes.
Neologism – неологизм
Many Russian neologisms are words borrowed from the English language to denote new phenomena, such as technical innovations.
Omit – пропускать, не включать
In many headlines linking verbs are omitted in order to achieve lexical density.
Orbital – орбитальный
Today’s news program includes a story about the crew of the Russian space orbital station.
Paragraph – абзац
The first paragraph of an article giving the news summary is called the lead.
Pattern – образец
Psychologists study behavior patterns of people in different stress situations.
Parody – пародия
Stand-up comedians often make parodies of famous politicians and other celebrities.
Participial – причастный (напр., оборот)
It is sometimes difficult to differentiate participial and gerundial constructions in English.
Predicate – сказуемое
Many English sentences contain compound verbal and compound noun predicates.
Pun – каламбур
Nowadays puns are almost as frequent in broadsheets as they are in tabloids.
Rhyme – рифма
I remember a lot of children’s rhymes from the times when my kids were small.
Set expression – устойчивое словосочетание
Many set expressions in European languages originate from the Bible.
Stylistic device – стилистический прием
A skilled reporter uses a whole range of stylistic devices.
Subject – подлежащее
In order to translate a sentence correctly, you should first of all identify its subject and predicate.
Syntax (syntactical) – синтаксис, синтаксический
It took him several years to study English syntax rules.
Term (terminology) – термин, терминология
Newspaper terminology includes some jargonisms that are unknown to people outside this field.
Verb (verbal) – глагол, глагольный
Irregular verbs in English are a real pain in the neck!
Exercise 2. Match the words in Column A with their definitions in Column B. Make up your own sentences with these words.
| A | B |
| Pun | Expression used to indicate surprise, anger, etc. |
| Allusion | Emotionally colored attribute |
| Set expression | Upside-down |
| Paragraph | The main member of a sentence |
| Genuine | Implied comparison between two unconnected people or things |
| Pattern | Repeating the same first letters (usually consonants) |
| Epithet | Novel word to denote a new thing |
| Rhyme | To make more compact or laconic |
| Metaphor | Real, authentic |
| To condense | Play with double meaning of the word to achieve humorous effect |
| To abound | An idiom or phraseological unit |
| Neologism | Structural part of an article |
| Subject | Words ending in identical sounds |
| Inverted | To be rich in |
| Exclamation | Model |
| Alliteration | Reference to some shared piece of cultural information |
Exercise 3. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B to make up word combinations. Use them in your own sentences.
| A | B |
| Stylistic | paragraphs |
| Language | constructions |
| Expressive | expression |
| Infinitive | predicate |
| Gerundial | force |
| To misspell | devices |
| Emotionally colored | information |
| Innovative | various devices |
| Well-structured | puns |
| To break | language units |
| To employ | means |
| Set | complexes |
| Means of | syntactic rules |
| Verbal | neologisms |
| To condense | words |
| Funny | appraisal |
Reading 1
Newspaper Style
Newspaper style was the last of all the styles of written literary English to become a specific form of writing standing apart from other forms. The early English newspaper was principally a vehicle of information. Commentary as a regular future found its way into the newspapers later. But as far back as the middle of the 18th century the British newspaper was very much like what it is today.
English newspapers style may be defined as a system of interrelated lexical, grammatical, and stylistic means which serves the purpose of informing and instructing the reader. Let us look in more detail at each level of this system.
Newspaper Vocabulary
It goes without saying that the bulk of the vocabulary used in newspaper writing is neutral common literary. But apart from this, newspaper style has its specific vocabulary features and is characterized by an extensive use of:
Special political and economic terms, e.g. constitution, president-elect, by-election, General Assembly, gross output, gross domestic product, per capita production.
Non-term political vocabulary, e.g. public, progressive, nation- wide, unity, peace. A characteristic feature of political vocabulary is that the borderline between terms and non-terms is less distinct than in the vocabulary of other special fields. The semantic structure of some words comprises both terms and non-terms, e.g. nation, crisis, agreement, member, representative, leader.
Newspaper clichés, stereotyped expressions, common- place phrases familiar to the reader, e.g. vital issue, pressing problem, well- informed sources, danger of war, to escalate a war, overwhelming majority, pillars of society, welfare state.
Abbreviations. New items, press reports and headlines abound in abbreviations of various kinds. Among them abbreviated terms – names of organizations, public and state bodies, political associations, industrial and other companies, various offices, known by their initials are very common; e.g. UNO ( United Nations Organization), NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization), EEC ( European Economic Community), FO (Foreign Office).
Neologisms.These are very common in newspaper vocabulary. The newspaper is very quick to react to any new development in the life of society, in science and technology. Hence, neologisms make their way into the language of the newspaper very easily and often even spring up on newspaper pages, e.g. a splash-down, a teach-in, stop-go policies, internet bank, e- marketplace.
Emotionally colored words.English newspaper is characterized by an extensive use of emotionally-colored vocabulary: “The long-suffering British housewife needs a bottomless purse to cope with this scale of inflation”. Reporters tend to introduce emotionally colored elements into the matter-of-fact, linguistically neutral news stories, e.g. “Health Minister Kenneth Robinson made this shock announcement yesterday in the Commons”.
Elements of appraisal.The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion on political and other matters.Elements of appraisal may be observed in the very selection and way of presentation of news, in the use of specific vocabulary such as allege and claim, casting some doubt on the facts reported.
Informal (colloquial) vocabulary. Alongside political words and expressions, terms, clichés and abbreviations one can find colloquial words and expressions, slang, jargonisms and professionalisms, for example: “Clarke’s bummer for the summer”.
Newspaper Grammar
The following grammar peculiarities of newspaper English may be regarded as typical for newspaper style:
Occasional breaking the rules of tenses and rules for reporting speech.These tendencies in newspaper writing modify the well-established grammatical norms. What is considered a gross violation of grammar rules in other kinds of writing, becomes increasingly common in the newspaper style, e.g.: "It was announced in Cairo yesterday that elections will be held...". Past events are denoted with present tense verbs: “Diana finds death in Paris”.
Attributive noun groupsare another powerful means of effecting brevity in news items, e.g., 'heart swap patient', the national income and expenditure figures', 'Labor backbench decision', 'leap into space age'. Nominalization is an effective way of condensing and encapsulating information.
Verbal (infinitive, participial, gerundial) constructions and verbal noun constructions,e.g.: "Mr. Nobusuke Kishi, the former Prime Minister of Japan, has sought to set an example by announcing the disbanding of his own faction".
The verb «be» is often omitted in headlines: “255 released”.
Future actions may be expressed with infinitives: “Phone repairers to strike”.
Infinitive complexes,especially the so-called complex subject. This construction is largely used to avoid mentioning the source of information or to shift responsibility for the facts reported, e.g.: "The condition of Lord Samuel, aged 92, was said last night to be a little better." ; "A Petrol bomb isbelieved to have been exploded ."
Complex syntactical structure.As reporters should be brief, they naturally try to cram all the facts into the space allotted. Newspaper materials are characterized by complex syntactical structure: "There are indications that BOAC may withdraw threats of all-out dismissals for pilots who restrict flying hours, a spokesman for the British Airline Pilots' association said yesterday."
Specific word order. Unconventional sentence patterns.Newspaper tradition, coupled with the rigid rules of sentence structure in English, has greatly affected the word order of newspaper items. The word order in leads (the initial sentences in longer stories) is more or less fixed. Journalistic practice has developed the "five-w-and-h-pattern rule" (who/what- why-how-where-when . In terms of grammar this fixed sentence structure follows the pattern: Subject — Predicate (object) — Adverbial modifier of reason (manner) — Adverbial modifier of place — Adverbial modifier of time, e.g.: "The US Consul-General, Mr. Maxwell McCullough, snooped incognito round the anti-Polaris art exhibition "Count Down" in the McLellan Galleries here this morning". (The Daily Telegraph)
The newspaper has developed new sentence patterns not typical of other styles. Consider a typical pattern of brief news sentence structure: "Derec Heath, 43, yesterday left Falmouth for the third time in his attempt to cross the Atlantic in a 12ft dinghy"; "Brighton council yesterday approved а & 22,500 scheme to have parking meters operating in the center of the town by March".
Exercise 1. Answer the questions:
1. Can you define the English newspaper style?
2. What is the difference between terms and non-terminology?
3.In what spheres of life do we come across many neologisms?
4. Is it good for an article to abound in emotionally colored words?
5.What are the purposes of colloquial words in newspaper stories?
Exercise 2. Mark the statements as T (True) or F (False)
1. Newspaper style does not differ much from the fictional style.
2. Newspaper clichés are almost inevitable in any type of articles.
3. Elements of appraisal are sometimes not very obvious but still implicitly present.
4. Journalists never break the rules of spelling or syntax because it is not allowed by their code of ethics.
5. A lot of nouns and noun phrases are a means to condense the information and achieve lexical density.
6. Inverted sentence structures are typically used in the lead .
7. Information in the lead is arranged so that it should answer the five Wh-questions.
Exercise 3.Choose the expression that best completes the sentence:
| Stylistic device, jargonism, extensive use, interrelated means, gross violation, increasingly common |
1. The term _____________ refers to a word used by representatives of a particular social group or professional community.
2. There are many _____________ that perform the function of increasing expressive force of the story and making it stand out of the crowd of similar articles.
3. The _____________of legal norms is considered a crime.
4. The editor didn’t approve the _____________ of complex syntactical structures in the article targeting tabloid readers.
5. Today video and printed materials are combined as _____________ of communicating message to the audience.
6. Freelance journalism has become _____________.
Reading 2
Stylistic devices
The use of various stylistic devices, both lexical and syntactical, is largely traditional. Editorials abound in metaphors and epithets, e.g., international climate, a price explosion, a price spiral, a spectacular sight, an outrageous act, brutal rule, an astounding statement, crazy policies. Genuine stylistic means are frequently used help the writer to bring his idea home to the reader through the associations that genuine imagery arouses: "So if the result of the visit is the burying of the cold war, the only mourners will be the arms manufacturers who profit from it. The ordinary people will dance on the grave."
Practically any stylistic device may be found in editorial writing, and when aptly used, such devices prove to be a powerful means of appraisal, of expressing a personal attitude to the matter in hand, of exercising the necessary emotional effect on the reader. The most widely used devices include alliteration, deliberately misspelt words for effect (Gawd for God), puns (play on words, often with double meaning) parody (an imitation of a well-known phrase or saying that is somehow distorted or changed), rhyming (Pix nix flix in stix), exclamations (Gosh!)
Satirical effect is frequently achieved by the use of irony, breaking-up of set expressions, the stylistic use of word-building, by using allusions, etc. Two types of allusions can be distinguished in newspaper article writing: (a) allusions to political and other facts of the day which are indispensable and have no stylistic value, and (b) historical, literary and biblical allusions which are often used to create a specific stylistic effect, largely — satirical.
The emotional force of expression in the editorial is often enhanced by the use of various syntactical stylistic devices. Some editorials abound in parallel constructions, various types of repetition, rhetorical questions and other ' syntactical stylistic means.
Different papers vary in degree of emotional coloring and stylistic originality of expression. While these qualities are typical enough of the "popular" newspapers (those with large circulations), such as The Daily Minor and The Daily Mail, the so-called "quality papers", as The Times and The Guardian, make rather a sparing use of the expressive and stylistic means of the language.
Yet, the role of expressive language means and stylistic devices in the newspaper writing should not be overestimated. They stand out against the essentially neutral background. Original forms of expression and fresh genuine stylistic means are comparatively rare in newspaper articles, editorials included.