To set off an explosion / blast
3. to go off [intransitive] (1) to explode взрываться: The bomb went off at midday. | A few minutes later the bomb went off, destroying the vehicle.
(2) to be fired выстреливать (об оружии): The gun went off and the bullet went flying over his head. | His gun went off accidentally as he was climbing over a fence.
4. to detonate [transitive; intransitive] to explode or to make something explode взрывать(ся), детонировать
to detonate sth: He then turned away and detonated the explosive device strapped to his body. | Army experts detonated the bomb safely in a nearby field. | The 200 kg bomb was detonated by terrorists using a remote-control device.
sth detonates: The first four bombs detonated around noon. | The device detonated unexpectedly.
5. to disarm | to defuse | to deactivate [transitive] to take the explosives out of a bomb, missile etc обезвредить (взрывное устройство / бомбу / мину): Experts successfully managed to disarm the bomb. | Police evacuated nearby buildings and cordoned off the area while they defused the bomb. | A few hours later bomb disposal / demolition experts defused the devices. | A bomb was deactivated at the last moment, after the fuse had been lit.
6. to dispose of sth to get rid of something, especially something that is difficult to get rid of обезвредить (взрывное устройство / бомбу / мину): to dispose of an unexploded bomb
7. explosion (1) [countable] burst a loud sound and the energy produced by something such as a bomb bursting into small pieces взрыв; разрыв: Several people were injured in a bomb explosion. | Even modest-sized nuclear explosions can have effects detectable over intercontinental distances. | The noise of the explosion could be heard all over the city. | Surface bursts of large nuclear weapons are an essential part of strategic nuclear war.
to cause / set off / produce an explosion вызвать взрыв, привести к взрыву: The impact caused a massive explosion which ravaged the planet. | This tiny rock carries enough kinetic energy to produce an explosion equivalent to several thousand tons of high explosives.
an explosion occurs / goes off происходит взрыв: Accidental nuclear explosions cannot occur; the bombs are designed so they cannot be exploded by any chance event. | Smaller explosions go off periodically.
(2) [uncountable; countable] a process in which something such as a bomb is deliberately made to explode взрыв: The explosion of nuclear devices in the Bikini Atoll was stopped in 1958. | Bomb disposal experts blew up the bag in a controlled explosion.
to carry out / set off / cause / detonate an explosion произвести взрыв, взорвать: France has carried out an underground nuclear explosion on Mururoa Atoll in the South Pacific. | Police carried out several controlled explosions of suspect packages at the site. | Now imagine 5 billion people, the entire population of Earth, each setting off a 24-ton explosion at the same time. | A man and a woman were charged on April 15 with conspiracy to cause explosions and with possession of explosives and arms.
8. blast [countable] (1) a big explosion, especially one caused by a bomb взрыв: Thirty-six people died in the blast. | A bomb blast completely destroyed the building. | The blast killed 168 people and wounded hundreds. | The blast was heard three miles away.
To set off a blast
(2) blast wave a very strong movement of air caused by an explosion ударная волна: The force of the blast threw bodies into the air. | About 40, 000 people are killed by the blast wave.
9. detonation [uncountable; countable] the act of making something such as a bomb explode; a large or powerful explosion взрыв; детонация: accidental detonation of nuclear weapons
to carry out a detonation произвести взрыв, взорвать: Underground nuclear detonations are believed to have been carried out.
underground detonation подземный взрыв
10. explosive [uncountable; countable] a substance or a device that can cause an explosion взрывчатое / взрывоопасное вещество: Such explosives would be far more powerful than existing non-nuclear explosives. | When they searched his vehicle, they found explosives. | There were traces of explosives in the bedroom. | The bomb, containing 150 grams of explosives, was planted outside the house shortly before 1 a.m.
11. high explosive [uncountable; countable] a very powerful explosive that can damage a large area and is often used in bombs бризантное взрывчатое вещество: The effect, enhanced in buildings and enclosed spaces, can be up to 16 times more destructive than conventional high explosives. | Further along the ridge, Ace was still throwing high explosives.
12. plastic explosive [uncountable; countable] an explosive substance that can be shaped using your hands, or a small bomb made from this пластичное взрывчатое вещество; пластиковая бомба: Instructions on how to make plastic explosives are on the Internet and in anti-government underground literature. | In 1991, 40 nations gathered in Montreal to develop a plan for better controls and detection of plastic explosives. | As the investigation into these bombings continues, it has reinvigorated efforts to learn more about the black market for plastic explosives.
Terrorist activities
1. terrorism [uncountable] the use of violence to achieve political aims терроризм: The establishment of the regional government in 1980 did not end terrorism. | The spiral of terrorism becomes never-ending. | What separates terrorism from other acts of violence? | The 20th century witnessed great changes in the use and practice of terrorism.
to be involved / engaged in terrorism | to engage in terrorism | to practise terrorism | to resort to terrorism | to use terrorism заниматься террористической деятельностью: Terrorism has been practised throughout history and throughout the world. | Terrorism has been used by one or both sides in anti-colonial conflicts.
to sponsor terrorism финансировать / спонсировать терроризм: We have to make the states that sponsor terrorism pay a price.
to fight / combat / counter / confront terrorism бороться с терроризмом, противодействовать терроризму: Governments must cooperate if they are to fight international terrorism. | The government is doing everything possible to combat terrorism. | He said the country needed a strong intelligence service to counter espionage, terrorism and foreign extremists. | Democracies, in general, are no great shakes at confronting terrorism.
to smash terrorism победить / сокрушить терроризм: The President said he would smash the terrorism.
to eliminate / eradicate / root out terrorism искоренить / вырвать с корнем / ликвидировать / уничтожить терроризм
to take a hard / firm / tough line on terrorism / with terrorists | to adopt / take a resolute / tough position / stance / stand on terrorism проводить жесткую политику в области борьбы с терроризмом: Even countries, such as Israel, which normally take a hard line on terrorism have given in to demands on occasion. | The President adopted / took a tough stance on terrorism.
to renounce / forswear terrorism отказываться от терроризма / террористической деятельности: The party has renounced terrorism as a political tool. | Although the PLO renounced terrorism in 1988, radical Palestinian groups such as Hamas, Hezbollah, and Islamic Jihad have continued to wage a campaign of terror against Israel and its allies. | Both sides agreed to forswear all acts of terrorism.
to be opposed to terrorism: I am utterly opposed to any form of terrorism.
political terrorism политический терроризм
criminal terrorism уголовный терроризм
military terrorism военный терроризм
state terrorism государственный терроризм
international terrorism международный терроризм: Crises and conflicts are a seedbed for international terrorism.
2. terrorist attack | act of terrorism | terrorist act | act of terror | terrorist incident [countable] террористический акт: There has been an increase in terrorist attacks. | Twenty people were killed in the latest terrorist attack. | The bomb explosion was one of the worst acts of terrorism that Italy has experienced in recent years. | Terrorist acts date back to at least the 1st century, when the Zealots, a Jewish religious sect, fought against Roman occupation of what is now Israel. | Organizations that engage in acts of terror are almost always small in size and limited in resources compared to the populations and institutions they oppose. | The numbers can decline as the Iraqis prove a new competence, but not until the borders are secure, the militias are disarmed and terrorist incidents are the exception.
to make / carry out / conduct / commit a terrorist attack (on / against sb / sth) | to commit / conduct an act of terrorism / a terrorist act (against sb / sth) | to launch a terrorist operation (on sb) совершать террористический акт: In the late 1980s and early 1990s the Sicilian Mafia conducted a series of terrorist attacks in reaction to the Italian government's prosecution of leading Mafia figures. | Nobody commits violent attacks on strangers or innocents to keep things 'just the way they are.' | They were charged with conspiring to commit acts of terrorism. | In the 12th century in Iran, the Assassins, a group of Ismailis (Shiite Muslims), conducted terrorist acts against religious and political leaders of Sunni Islam. | A largely successful terrorist operation was launched on America with a loss of life that was once inconceivable and remains, even after the event, unimaginable.
a terrorist attack / act of terrorism / terrorist act / (terrorist) bombing / act of terror / terrorist incident occurs совершается террористический акт: Two planes had hit the buildings, and maybe other acts of terrorism were about to occur.
3. bomb attack | (terrorist) bombing | bombing raid [countable] террористический акт (с использованием взрывного устройства): Cars were set on fire and a bomb attack was made against the mayor's car with his family inside. | It withdrew shortly after 241 marines were killed in a single truck bomb attack on their barracks. | Two men are being held for questioning in connection with the Paris bombing. | There was a wave of bombings in London. | They were planning bombing raids in some of America's major cities.
4. suicide (bomb) / kamikaze attack | suicide / kamikaze mission | suicide / kamikaze bombing an attack in which the person who carries out the attack deliberately kills himself or herself in the process of killing other people террористический акт террориста-смертника: This development follows the first suicide bomb attack for two years. | In 1996 a series of suicide bomb attacks in Israel by supporters of Hamas killed more than 60 Israelis and imperilled the fragile peace between Israel and the PLO. | His suicide mission came as a surprise to more people than just his family. | As Delbert saw it, they went on suicide missions, which was just the kind of action he wanted. | The powers-that-be decide to send you on a suicide mission.
5. bomb | explosive device [countable] a weapon made to explode at a particular time взрывное устройство, бомба: In April 1995 a truck bomb exploded in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killing 168 people and injuring more than 500. | There were two bomb explosions in the city overnight. | The bomb disposal unit destroyed the bomb with a controlled explosion. | An explosive device was found at one of London's busiest stations this morning. | A small explosive device was set off outside the UN headquarters today. | The explosive device was timed to go off at the rush hour.
time bomb бомба замедленного действия: It is a time bomb waiting to explode.
to plant / place a bomb / explosive device устанавливать / закладывать взрывное устройство / бомбу: The terrorists planted a bomb near the police station. | Loyalist extremist groups which planted bombs, on the other hand, often gave no warning. | A bomb was planted at the railway station. | They placed bombs on two isolated aircraft and then headed for the hangars.
to set off / detonate / explode a bomb / explosive device взрывать / приводить в действие взрывное устройство / бомбу: Terrorists set off a bomb in the city centre. | Terrorists have been setting off bombs in Underground trains. | The terrorists planted and detonated the bomb. | A small explosive device was set off outside the UN headquarters today. | The bomb was detonated by remote control. | The 200 kg bomb was detonated by terrorists using a remote-control device. | What makes him do that is his belief that the man is about to explode a bomb.
a bomb / explosive device goes off / detonates / explodes взрывное устройство / бомба взрывается / срабатывает: The bomb went off at midday. | Bombs went off at two London train stations. | The explosive device was timed to go off at the rush hour. | The first four bombs detonated around noon. | An explosive device detonated on the roof of the building late last night. | A bomb exploded near the country's busiest airport before dawn today. | The bomb exploded on a bus in Jerusalem during the city's morning rush hour.
homemade bomb самодельное взрывное устройство: Between 1978 and 1995, an anarchist and terrorist known as the Unabomber planted or mailed homemade bombs that killed 3 people and wounded 23 others in 16 separate incidents throughout the United States.
bomb threat / bomb scare / bomb alert угроза взрыва, предупреждение о заложенной бомбе: The station was closed for six hours following a bomb threat. | Officials at the school say they received a bomb threat at approximately 11:30 a.m. today. | It belongs to the man who called in the bomb threat 18 minutes before it detonated. | Last Monday, a bomb threat against the county courthouse was delivered by telephone. | Schools cancelled extracurricular activities, and many parents took their children out of classes after word of the bomb threat spread. | She says that they were told that it was a bomb scare. | Following the find, the centre was evacuated again because of a bomb scare which police believe was a hoax. | The previous day the factory was evacuated after a bomb scare. | Several families were evacuated from their homes in Ulster last night after a bomb alert. | The bomb alert was raised soon after midnight.
6. to bomb [transitive] to attack a place by leaving a bomb there совершать террористический акт с применением взрывного устройства: Terrorists bombed several army barracks. | The railway station was bombed by terrorists. | Left-wing groups such as the Weather Underground bombed buildings on university campuses throughout the country.
7. to threaten [transitive] to say that you will cause someone harm or trouble if they do not do what you want грозить, угрожать
to threaten sth: NATO has threatened air strikes against the capital. | Postal workers are threatening a strike if they don't receive a pay increase.
to threaten to do sth: The terrorists are threatening to kill the hostages. | When they found out he was an American, the soldiers threatened to kill him.
to threaten sb with sth: They threatened the shopkeeper with a gun. | One man has been threatened with legal action.
to threaten (that)…: Then he became angry and threatened that he would go to the police.
8. to kidnap | to abduct [transitive] to take a person away illegally by force, especially in order to make their family or government give you money or allow you to do what you want похищать (человека, например, с целью выкупа), насильно увозить: Terrorists have kidnapped a French officer and are demanding $400,000 from the French government. | A number of foreign businessmen have been kidnapped and held for ransom in Manila. | The aim of the terrorists is to kidnap rather than kill. | Kurdish separatists have abducted a Japanese tourist and are demanding money for his safe return. | The two high school girls were abducted at gunpoint on Tuesday. | The company director was abducted from his car by terrorists.
9. to hijack [transitive] to illegally take control of a vehicle, for example a plane or ship, using violence or threats угонять (самолет, судно, автобус), совершать угон; похищать; нападать с целью грабежа; заниматься воздушным пиратством: Terrorists hijacked the plane, ordering the pilot to fly to Tripoli. | The airliner was hijacked by a group of terrorists. | The ship was hijacked by four young terrorists. | Bands of gunmen have hijacked food shipments and terrorized relief workers.
10. to skyjack [transitive] to illegally take control of a plane using violence or threats угонять самолет, совершать угон; похищать; нападать с целью грабежа; заниматься воздушным пиратством
11. to assassinate [transitive] to murder a famous or important person, especially for political reasons or for payment убивать по политическим мотивам, совершать политическое убийство; совершать террористический акт: The CIA may have tried to assassinate Castro. | President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. | Many people today, worldwide, remember exactly what they were doing when John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.
12. threat [countable; uncountable] a statement in which you tell someone that you will cause them harm or trouble if they do not do what you want угроза: I'm prepared to listen to him, but I'm not going to respond to threats.
threat of: the threat of military invasion | After threats of legal action they stopped the building work.
to make / issue a threat (against sb / sth) угрожать: He denied making threats to kill her. | The Mugabe government repeatedly issues public death threats against its foes.
to carry out a threat выполнить угрозу: He would not make threats he wasn't prepared to carry out. | Accordingly, on October 22, Bush carried out his threat to veto the bill.
to receive / get a threat (from sb) получать угрозу: Last Thursday, campus officials received a bomb threat that was sent over the university e-mail system. | He says his family received phone threats from the group. | Immigrant families in the area have received threats from right-wing extremist groups. | The judges have received death threats.
to give in / yield to a threat поддаваться на угрозу, сдаваться: The government will not give in to terrorist threats.
terrorist / bomb threat (against sb / sth) террористическая угроза: Officials at the school say they received a bomb threat at approximately 11:30 a.m. today. | It belongs to the man who called in the bomb threat 18 minutes before it detonated. | Schools cancelled extracurricular activities, and many parents took their children out of classes after word of the bomb threat spread. | Pervez Musharraf, delayed his flight home because of a bomb threat.
empty / idle threat a threat that is not serious пустая угроза: She dismissed the statement as an empty threat. | This isn't some idle threat.
veiled threat скрытая / завуалированная угроза: They backed up these demands with scarcely veiled threats. | They warned him with veiled threats against mentioning anything that he had witnessed the previous night.
death threat: The terrorist made a death threat. | He has received death threats. | The police are investigating death threats made against the two men.
13. kidnapping | kidnap | abduction [countable; uncountable] the act of kidnapping someone похищение (человека, например, с целью выкупа): Two youngsters have been arrested and charged with kidnapping. | He was charged with the kidnap of a 25 year-old woman. | Stewart denies attempted murder and kidnap.
faked kidnapping / abduction инсценировка похищения
14. hijack | hijacking [countable; uncountable] an occasion when someone illegally takes control of a plane, ship, or vehicle using violence or threats угон (самолета, судна, автобуса); похищение; нападение с целью грабежа; воздушное пиратство: Every minute during the hijack seemed like a week. | The hijack ended with the release of all the plane's passengers unharmed. | Members of this West German gang also cooperated with Palestinian terrorists, notably in the murder of the Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics and the hijacking of an El Al plane in 1976. | Car hijackings are running at a rate of nearly 50 a day.
15. skyjacking [countable; uncountable] an occasion when someone illegally takes control of a plane using violence or threats угон самолета; похищение; нападение с целью грабежа; воздушное пиратство: Such acts include kidnappings, assassinations, skyjackings, bombings, and hijackings.
16. assassination [countable; uncountable] the murder of a famous or important person, especially for political reasons or for payment убийство; террористический акт: The assassination of Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo led to the First World War. | Three foreign diplomats have been killed in a series of assassinations. | He narrowly escaped an assassination attempt. | He lives in constant fear of assassination.
Types of terrorists
1. terrorist [countable] someone who uses violence in order to achieve political aims террорист: Two of the terrorists were shot dead. | Several terrorists have been killed by their own bombs. | The government has said that it will not be intimidated by terrorist threats. | The terrorist bomb left 168 people dead.
to harbour terrorists укрывать террористов: They accused several countries of harbouring terrorists. | Accusations of harbouring terrorist suspects were raised against the former Hungarian leadership.
to turn a terrorist over to sb выдавать / передавать террориста кому-л.: Suspected terrorists are immediately turned over to the law.
to extradite a terrorist выдавать / передавать террориста (другому государству)
terrorist activity / activities террористическая деятельность: the vulnerability of airports to terrorist activities
terrorist group / organization террористическая группа / организация: Terrorist groups are believed to be stockpiling weapons. | Terrorist groups are unlikely to disarm.
terrorist / bomb threat террористическая угроза: The government has said that it will not be intimidated by terrorist threats. | A bomb threat forced them to make an emergency landing.
terrorist plot заговор с целью совершения террористического акта
2. bomber [countable] someone who puts and explodes a bomb in a public place террорист (со взрывным устройством): The bomber breached security by hurling his dynamite from a roof overlooking the building. | The police underlined the importance of the public's co-operation in the hunt for the bombers. | The government is convinced that the bombers want to frighten away foreign investors. | The political turmoil is being played out against a backdrop of terror attacks by far-right bombers.
3. suicide bomber | kamikaze [countable] someone who hides a bomb on their body and explodes it in a public place, killing himself or herself and other people, usually for political reasons террорист-смертник: A suicide car bomber killed seven Israeli soldiers. | Can suicide bombers really be considered cowards? | FBI agents found the passport of one of the suicide bombers among the wreckage. | Rajiv Gandhi is believed to have been killed by a suicide bomber.
4. kidnapper | abductor [countable] похититель (людей): His kidnappers have threatened that they will kill him unless three militants are released from prison. | She co-operated with her abductor for fear that something might happen to the child.
5. hijacker [countable] someone who illegally takes control of a plane, ship, or vehicle using violence or threats угонщик (самолета, судна, автобуса); воздушный пират; бандит, налетчик: The hijackers have put the lives of about 10,000 air passengers at risk. | In each case the hijackers bluffed the crew using fake grenades. | The hijacker gave himself up to police, who are now questioning him. | The hijackers refuse to yield to demands to release the passengers.
6. skyjacker [countable] someone who illegally takes control of a plane using violence or threats угонщик самолета; воздушный пират; бандит, налетчик
Hostage-taking
1. hostage [countable] someone who is kept as a prisoner by an enemy so that the other side will do what the enemy demands заложник: The terrorists say that they will kill the hostages if we don't agree to their demands. | The rebels have seized ten soldiers to use as hostages. | The bandits demanded that one of the travellers should stay with them as a hostage.
2. hostage COLLOCATIONS
to take sb hostage / captive взять / захватить в заложники, задержать: Six visiting businessmen were taken hostage by rebel groups. | He was taken hostage while on his first foreign assignment as a television journalist. | Armed gunmen broke into the church and took the priest captive.
to take / capture / seize a hostage / captive взять / захватить заложника: The heavily armed gunmen initially took 24 hostages, but later released 14. | The terrorists have seized 20 hostages and are threatening to kill one a day unless their demands are met. | They often took captives during their raids, and sometimes raised them in the tribe.
to hold / keep sb hostage / captive | to hold / keep sb as a hostage / captive держать в заложниках: The group are holding two western tourists hostage. | A British journalist was held hostage for over four years. | The terrorists were holding several British diplomats captive. |
to keep / hold hostages / captives держать заложников
to release / free a hostage / captive освободить заложника: The gunmen released most hostages and headed for Chechnya with the rest after receiving a promise of safe passage. | The rebels promise to release their captives unharmed if their demands are met. | The terrorists have at last agreed to free the hostages.
to rescue a hostage освобождать / спасать заложника: An attempt to rescue the American hostages ended in disaster when a helicopter crashed. | The group has threatened to kill the hostages unless the government frees 15 political prisoners. | But increasingly Waite had become involved in his attempts to rescue hostages held in the Middle East.
the release of hostages | hostage release освобождение заложников: The President is making every effort to obtain the release of the hostages.
3. captivity [uncountable] a situation in which a person is being kept as a prisoner плен; пленение, захват; неволя: At least a quarter of the prisoners died in captivity. | In his book, he describes what life was like during his long captivity. | Those who were not dead marched away into captivity. | An American missionary was released today after more than two months of captivity.
to hold / keep sb in captivity держать в плену / неволе: Folkes says that he was held in captivity for over a year.
to release sb from captivity освободить из плена / неволи: The hostages were released from captivity.
to escape from captivity бежать из плена / неволи: Both escaped from captivity but only George survived.
4. ransom [countable] an amount of money that is paid to free someone who is held as a prisoner выкуп: After the families of the two men were contacted, the ransom was upped to $ 1 million.
to demand a ransom (from sb) требовать выкуп: The kidnappers were demanding a ransom of $250,000. | They demanded a huge ransom for the return of the little girl whom they had kidnapped.
to extort / exact a ransom (from sb) to demand and get an amount of money from someone by using threats, force etc получить выкуп: Her kidnapper successfully extorted a £175,000 ransom for her release.
to pay (a) ransom (demand) (for sb) заплатить выкуп: The government refused to pay the ransom. | The president has said the United States will never pay ransom for the hostages. | Reagan clung to the belief that he was not paying ransom but merely rewarding an intermediary for services rendered. | His wife spent all their savings on paying ransom demands.
ransom demand требование выкупа: There has been no ransom demand. | The ransom demand was made by telephone. | They are all about kidnapping and about ransom demands.
ransom note письмо с требованием выкупа: Her parents received a ransom note. | Police sources revealed earlier that the three-page ransom note had been handwritten on paper from a legal pad found in the home.
a king's ransom (informal) an extremely large amount of money огромная сумма, большой куш
5. to hold sb for / to ransom to keep someone prisoner until money is paid требовать выкуп за кого-л.: His daughter was kidnapped and held for ransom. | A bus-load of schoolchildren were held for ransom until the gang were given a plane. | In Rio, nearly forty people have been held to ransom this year alone.
6. to hold sb to ransom to try to make someone do what you want, especially by using threats шантажировать: He said terrorists would not be allowed to hold Britain to ransom. | The government says it is being held to ransom by the actions of terrorist groups. | The idea of one global power holding the other to ransom seems less credible now than it has done previously. | Without some such law the rich could hold the poor to ransom.
7. to ransom [transitive] to pay an amount of money to someone in order to make them let someone they are keeping as a prisoner go free выкупать, освобождать за выкуп: Her father ransomed her for a million dollars. | They were all ransomed and returned unharmed. | The same system was used for ransoming or exchanging captives.
Security
1. security [uncountable] things that are done to keep a person, building, or country safe from threats such as crime or attacks by foreign countries безопасность: For the security of passengers, all hand baggage is carefully checked. | We have been asked not to say anything for security reasons. | Iraqis know that they cannot yet manage their own security and, within a certain level of tolerance, they do not want foreign forces to leave until they can.
to ensure / provide / maintain security обеспечивать безопасность; поддерживать безопасность на должном уровне: Every precaution has been taken to ensure the personal security of the delegates. | In theory, we were providing security. | They maintain very tight security along the border.
to tighten / increase / enhance / strengthen / step up security (measures) усиливать безопасность / меры безопасности; укреплять безопасность: They are now under a great deal of pressure to tighten their airport security. | The prison was ordered to tighten security after a prisoner escaped yesterday. | Security has been increased at all airports in the wake of the attacks. | Investment in the military by a state enhances its security only at the expense of its neighbours. | Does it enhance or threaten our security or is it of no consequence to us? | And the Security Council should work closely with the World Health Organization to strengthen biological security through prompt, effective responses to such outbreaks. | The bombing has forced Olympic officials to step up security measures throughout Olympic venues and surrounding facilities.
to undermine security подрывать безопасность: Did an accumulation of arms contribute to national security or undermine it by encouraging opponents to follow suit?
national / state security государственная / национальная безопасность: Terrorist activity is a threat to national security. | The information received is highly confidential and relates to national security. | The students were deported because they posed a threat to national security. | The national security council heard calls for resources to be redirected from the elite nuclear forces to beef up conventional arms spending. | On July 29 a general amnesty was reported for detainees accused of harming state security.
internal security внутренняя безопасность
tight / strict / heavy // lax security (measures) good // bad security строгие // недостаточные меры безопасности: There is tight security at the airport and all baggage is being searched. | The meeting took place amid extremely tight security. | The trial was held under tight security. | Strict security measures were in force during the President's visit. | Heavy security measures and heightened sensitivities to protecting Dole and Kemp were symbols of the convention. | Parents have protested against lax security at the school.
sense / feeling of security чувство безопасности: A predictable routine gives children a sense of security.
a false sense of security: We were lulled into a false sense of security and failed to see what was coming.
security measures / precautions меры безопасности: The tighter security measures / precautions include video cameras in the city centre. | New security measures, including video surveillance cameras, come into force on the city's bus fleet this week. | A large number of homes lack adequate security measures.
security situation ситуация с безопасностью, обстановка с точки зрения безопасности: Alongside this swirling evolution of political developments, not so unnatural in itself, came changes in the security situation.
(to be on / to be put on) security alert тревога в связи с угрозой безопасности: The station was closed for two hours because of a security alert. | His arrest followed a major security alert before a visit by the Prime Minister. | Postal facilities and other government offices around the country were warned of the attempted bombings, and were put on security alert. | The security alert, involving five hundred people, cost ten thousand pounds.
security check проверка безопасности: Police plan security checks from 8 am on the road between Balmoral Castle and the church. | The fifty-odd courtrooms are open to the public, though you have to go through stringent security checks first. | There are strict security checks on everyone entering the Opera House.
security / video surveillance camera камера видеонаблюдения: The pictures were captured by the city centre security cameras installed in Gloucester earlier this year. | This series of photographs was taken by a security camera at the Leeds Building Society. | The thief was caught on a security camera.
breach of security нарушение правил безопасности: The Security Commission investigates breaches of security. | An amnesty was also granted to a number of unidentified people being held for breach of national security.
2. security service [countable] a government organization that protects a country's secrets against enemy countries, or protects the government against attempts to take away its power служба безопасности; органы безопасности: His death was particularly shocking since there was considerable evidence that elements of the military security service were implicated in it. | So concerned are the security services that M-I5 has set up a unit to monitor the activities of young British Muslims targeted by extremists.
3. security force(s) [countable] силы безопасности, войска по поддержанию безопасности: Thirty demonstrators were killed in clashes with the security forces over the weekend. | Part of the reason is the government's effort to strengthen the security forces. | Up to 500 black people are killed by the security forces. | The security forces opened fire, killing two people.
4. security officer [countable] офицер службы безопасности: Such a nightmare was enough to make even the most fearless security officer break out in a cold sweat. | Suddenly, cars swerved to block the road, and dozens of security officers fanned out through the crowd.
5. security agent [countable] агент службы безопасности
6. security man / official [countable] сотрудник службы безопасности: They surged forward but were held back by two very large and determined security men. | A uniformed security man met them at the gate. | Co-ordinated attacks on security officials and politicians over the past few weeks indicate that the once-bumbling extremists are growing more sophisticated.
7. security guard [countable] someone whose job is to protect a building or to collect and deliver large amounts of money охранник; телохранитель; конвоир: There were two security guards on duty outside the building. | One of those hostages was James Lopez, a Marine security guard from Globe. | He missed, killing a security guard.
8. intelligence [uncountable] (1) intelligence reports / data information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military plans of an enemy etc разведывательные данные; военные сведения: According to our intelligence, further attacks were planned. | This nuclear refuse could provide intelligence on such things as bomb design and yield. | He was later surprised to learn, from reading intelligence reports, that the programme had been developed without his knowledge.
intelligence about / on sth / sb: Local rebels provided intelligence about the government's plans.
to gather // receive / obtain (a piece of) intelligence / intelligence data | to receive intelligence reports: Our mission was to gather intelligence from behind enemy lines. | They would gather intelligence on enemy strengths and fortifications. | The satellite could also be used to gather intelligence. | They received an important piece of intelligence from one of their agents. | We receive intelligence from many sources. | They received intelligence reports that the factory was a target for the bombing. | Both incidents raise serious questions about whether the benefits of gathering certain kinds of intelligence data are worth the risks.
to give / provide intelligence: The satellites provide intelligence about troop movements.
military intelligence военные сведения; разведывательные данные: He passed on military intelligence to the enemy.
intelligence operations / sources: After the Watts rebellion, Johnson asked Hoover to expand his intelligence operations to include riot prediction. | Intelligence operations have uncovered evidence of weapons stockpiling. | Intelligence sources say the missiles are being prepared for use. | Intelligence sources denied the reports.
(2) a government organization that gathers information about the secret activities of foreign governments, the military plans of an enemy etc разведка, разведывательная служба: In Britain there are three main intelligence organizations. | Why was military intelligence so lacking?
military intelligence военная разведка
chief / head of intelligence | intelligence chief руководитель разведки: Andreotti dismissed the chief of military intelligence. | They suggested Colonel Wong may have been detained because, as head of military intelligence, he failed to uncover the plot. | His successor was General Manuel Noriega, his intelligence chief.
9. secret service | intelligence service / agency / department / organization [countable] a secret government department whose job is to find out enemy secrets and to prevent its own government's secrets from being discovered секретная / разведывательная служба, разведывательный орган, разведка; спецслужба: He worked for the intelligence service. | In addition there were comprehensive links between the two intelligence services. | Three out of every four traitors were volunteers, it found; fewer than a quarter were recruited by hostile intelligence services. | But disasters like Blake and the Berlin tunnel do immense damage to the morale of intelligence agencies. | Security services and intelligence agencies should be accountable to a committee of senior Privy Councillors. | Since the cold war ended, many state intelligence agencies have struggled to justify their existence.
10. secret / intelligence / undercover agent | spy | infiltrator [countable] someone who is employed by a government to find out and report on the military and political secrets of other countries секретный / тайный агент; разведчик; шпион; диверсант: Foley looked like anything in the world except a secret agent. | They say that the better the secret agent, the less one hears about him. | After working in the prison service, he joined the defence forces before becoming an intelligence agent. | I want to apply to become an undercover agent. | The Fedpol had undercover agents there, naturally, but no official presence. | He was jailed for five years as an alleged British spy. | He was suspected of having been a spy during the war. | There has always been a danger of enemy infiltrators in the organization. | The infiltrator was identified and killed.
11. intelligence officer / official [countable] офицер / сотрудник разведки, разведчик; агент разведки: He spoke to intelligence officers at several airbases and made sure that certain records were amended. | They say senior clerics conspired with high-ranking intelligence officials to carry out the murders.
12. to spy [intransitive] to secretly collect information about an enemy country or an organization you are competing against заниматься шпионажем, шпионить; следить
to spy: He said Hanssen had begun spying in 1979 and stopped voluntarily in 1981. | A former US diplomat has confessed to spying.
to spy for sb / sth: The agent spied for East Germany for more than twenty years. | Philby had been spying for the Russians for several years. | He confessed to spying for North Korea.
to spy on / against sb / sth: East and West are still spying on one another. | He was charged with spying on British military bases. | For years the satellite spied on secret weapon bases. | He was arrested for spying on missile sites. | I never agreed to spy against the United States.
13. to infiltrate (1) [transitive; intransitive] to secretly join an organization or enter a place in order to find out information about it or harm it просачиваться, внедряться; проникать (в тыл противника)
to infiltrate sth: Police attempts to infiltrate neo-Nazi groups were largely unsuccessful. | Federal undercover agents infiltrated a Miami drug ring. | He was alarmed to find the army was being infiltrated by those he regarded as religious extremists. | Government agents were infiltrating paramilitary groups. | CIA agents infiltrated the group, looking for alleged subversives.
to infiltrate into sth: The soldiers infiltrated into the enemy defences. | Rebel forces have been infiltrating into the country. | Intelligence reports confirm that terrorists have infiltrated into the region.
(2) [transitive] to secretly put people into an organization or place in order to find out information about it or harm it внедрять, вводить: He claimed that some countries have been trying to infiltrate their agents into the Republic. | They repeatedly tried to infiltrate assassins into the palace.
14. infiltration [uncountable; countable] инфильтрация, просачивание; проникновение (в тыл противника): Enemy infiltration into our lines. | The security zone was set up to prevent guerrilla infiltrations. | Finally, weakened by infiltration and sabotage, Black Aid Action folded in 1967.
15. to seal off | to block off [transitive] to stop people from entering an area or building, often because it is dangerous оцепить, блокировать, окружать: Following a bomb warning, police have sealed off the whole area. | Police have sealed off the street where the gunman is hiding. | A heavily armed guard of police have sealed off the city centre. | Police blocked off the city centre streets. | All the roads out of the town were blocked off by the police.
Vocabulary practice
I. Section: Conflicts
1. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.
| List A | List B |
| 1. to seek (a) confrontation 2. to be involved in (a) confrontation 3. to lead to a standoff 4. to prevent (a) conflict 5. to resolve (a) conflict 6. resolution of (a) conflict 7. tension builds (up) / mounts 8. to defuse tension(s) 9. tension eases 10. to cause / create tension(s) / friction(s) 11. to increase / heighten tension(s) / friction(s) 12. to renounce (the use of) force 13. by force (of arms) 14. to commit (an act of) aggression (against sb) 15. implacable enemy 16. to be / pose a threat (to sb / sth) 17. to be in danger / jeopardy 18. to reduce a threat 19. to put sb / sth in jeopardy 20. armed conflict 21. to be on the brink of war 22. to declare war (on / against sb.) 23. to launch (a) war 24. to plunge (a country) into (a) war 25. to spark (off) / trigger (off) a war 26. to be at war (with sb) | a. усилить противоречия / трения b. ввергать (страну) в войну c. представлять угрозу d. отказываться от применения силы e. подвергать опасности f. объявлять войну g. вооруженный конфликт h. быть вовлеченным в противостояние i. подвергаться опасности j. находиться на грани войны k. вызвать / спровоцировать войну l. уменьшать угрозу m. вести к противостоянию n. напряженность нарастает o. урегулировать конфликт p. разрешение конфликта q. начать / развязать войну r. заклятый / непримиримый враг s. предотвращать столкновение t. осуществить агрессию u. силой (оружия) v. быть в состоянии войны w. вызывать противоречия / трения x. стремиться к конфронтации y. ослаблять напряженность z. напряженность спадает |
2. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.
| List A | List B |
| 1. war breaks out 2. the outbreak of war 3. to wage war (against / on / with sb) 4. to escalate a war 5. to abolish / eliminate war 6. conventional war 7. to open / cease / suspend hostilities 8. war / battle zone 9. hot spot 10. a hotbed of terrorism 11. tinderbox 12. guerrilla warfare 13. to be heading for / move towards disaster / calamity / catastrophe 14. to call a ceasefire 15. to achieve a ceasefire 16. to implement a ceasefire 17. to break a ceasefire 18. ethnic cleansing 19. to commit an atrocity (against sb) 20. to demonstrate brutality / cruelty 21. to raze sth (to the ground) 22. to reduce / blast sth to ruins 23. to be / lie in ruins 24. widespread / wholesale destruction / devastation 25. complete / total / utter destruction / devastation | a. район боевых действий b. разрушать до основания c. война с применением обычных видов оружия d. объявлять о прекращении огня e. полное уничтожение f. совершить злодеяние g. добиться прекращения огня h. партизанская война i. проявлять жестокость j. устранять возможность возникновения войны k. выполнять соглашение о прекращении огня l. превращать в груду развалин m. этническая чистка n. внезапное начало войны o. лежать в руинах p. вести войну q. большие разрушения r. двигаться к катастрофе s. наращивать военные действия t. вспыхивает война u. очаг / рассадник терроризма v. горячая точка w. нарушать соглашение о прекращении огня x. начинать / прекращать / приостанавливать военные действия y. очаг напряженности |
3. Give synonyms for the following words and phrases.
to prevent (a conflict), to resolve (a conflict), (tension) builds up / mounts, to defuse (tension), (tension) eases, to cause / create (tension), to increase / heighten (tension), to be / pose (a threat), to be in (danger), to put sb / sth in jeopardy, armed (conflict), to be on the brink (of war), to launch (a war), to spark off / trigger off (a war), (war) breaks out, to be at war (with sb), to wage (war), to escalate (a war), to call (a ceasefire), disaster, ceasefire, to break (a ceasefire), atrocity, to commit (an atrocity), to demonstrate (brutality / cruelty), to raze sth (to the ground), (to reduce / blast sth) to ruins
4. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.
1. a terrible and unexpected event that causes a lot of damage or suffering
2. a period of time when a country is not fighting a war
3. the feeling caused by a lack of trust between people, groups, or countries who do not agree about something and may attack each other
4. the period of time when a country is fighting a war
5. a country, or the armed forces of a country, which is at war with another country
6. to put someone or something in danger of being hurt, damaged, or destroyed
7. an agreement to stop fighting for a period of time, especially in order to discuss permanent peace
8. a place where there is often a lot of violence or fighting
9. fighting in a war; acts of fighting
10. the possibility that something very bad will happen; someone or something that is regarded as a possible danger
11. the act of attacking a country, especially when that country has not attacked first
12. a disagreement or fight in which neither opponent can do anything to win or achieve their aim
13. the use of violence to force people from a particular racial or national group to leave an area or country
14. to destroy something completely so that nothing remains
15. the deliberate murder of a whole group of people, especially a whole nation, race or religious group
5. Explain the meaning of the words and phrases listed below.
aggressor, to reduce a threat, to instigate / foment a war, war rages on, the outbreak of hostilities, troubled area, warfare, truce, to neutralize sb, to take sb out
6. Match the words in List A with those in List B to form phrases.
| List A | List B |
| 1. armed 2. to settle 3. tension 4. to defuse 5. by force 6. to crush 7. to be under 8. to pose 9. to be 10. to breed 11. to resume 12. troubled 13. war 14. wartime 15. to negotiate 16. to commit 17. to level sth 18. wanton 19. to reduce sth | a. destruction b. experiences c. to ashes d. an atrocity e. conflict f. escalates g. a ceasefire h. to the ground i. of arms j. threat of attack k. wars l. at war with sb m. zone n. a threat to sb o. area p. an enemy q. tension r. a conflict s. hostilities |
7. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.
1. The country is involved in a direct confrontation ….. its powerful neighbour.
2. There is a protracted conflict between neighbouring countries ….. their common border.
3. Peace cannot be imposed ….. force of arms.
4. One of the superpowers committed an act of brutal aggression ….. its neighbour.
5. The country is ….. threat of attack.
6. The border dispute poses a direct threat ….. peace.
7. The excesses of the secret police put the peace process ….. jeopardy.
8. The peace talks are now ….. danger of collapse.
9. Britain and France declared war ….. Germany in 1939.
10. The USA launched a war ….. Iraq ….. the pretext that the latter possessed weapons of mass destruction.
11. National rivalries can easily set ….. a war.
12. He was blamed for stirring ….. war in the Balkans.
13. War broke ….. between the two countries after a border dispute.
14. The US government stepped ….. its war ….. terrorism.
15. They've been ….. war for the last five years.
16. The local war escalated ….. a major conflict.
8. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.
1. The war rages ….. and the time has come to take sides.
2. Anti-war demonstrations continued after the outbreak ….. hostilities.
3. Even ….. wartime some people held concerts.
4. The world seems to be moving ….. nuclear catastrophe.
5. There was a remote chance that their efforts might help to ward ….. catastrophe.
6. They called ….. a ceasefire in the region.
7. One of those bombings claimed ….. over 100 lives.
8. They're ….. trial for committing atrocities ….. the civilian population.
9. Entire sections of the city were wiped ….. by the repeated bombing.
10. She tried hard to blot ….. the bitter memories of the war.
11. The town was razed ….. the ground in the bombing raid.
12. They levelled the building ….. the ground.
13. The building was taken ….. by a bomb.
14. A huge bomb blast brought devastation ….. the centre of Belfast.
15. A bomb reduced the houses ….. rubble.
16. The economy was ….. ruins after the war.
9. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.
to instigate, conflict, to erupt, to go to war, to reduce, at the outbreak of, hazard, commotion, to heighten, friction, catastrophe, to confront, to spark off, to pose, to threaten, stand-off, to avert, sale, to build up, to endanger
1. The State Department was warning that this could lead to another diplomatic ...... .
2. A decree in February banned the ..... of weapons to countries involved in armed conflict.
3. The National Security Council has met to discuss ways of preventing a military ...... .
4. The tension ..... to a climax due to recent bombings.
5. The talks were due to include discussions of measures ..... tension between the two states and to promote bilateral exchanges.
6. And pumping more weapons into Bosnia is likely ….. tensions, rather than ease them.
7. The dispute ..... a direct threat to peace.
8. There must be protection from radiation ...... .
9. Th