Translate the sentences paying attention to complex Object and Complex Subject.
| Citizens expect the police to act both effectively and fairly. Граждане ожидают, что полиция будет действовать эффективно и справедливо. |
| The police are expected to maintain peace and order. Ожидают, что полиция будет поддерживать спокойствие и порядок. |
1. Officers may make arrests when they see people commit criminal acts.
2. African Americans are more likely to be charged with felony than the whites.
3. Many people believe the crime rate to be increasing.
4. The crime is considered cleared when the evidence supports the arrest of the suspect.
5. They believe the hearing to be put off till next Monday.
6. The police is said not to work effectively on crimes such as drug sales, gambling, petty theft.
7. People expect the police to find and bring to court those who have committed offences, they also expect the police to stay within the law.
8. John is expected to be promoted soon.
9. Nobody saw the arsonist set the office on fire.
10. The kidnapper turned out to be a man who had spent most of the previous 13 years in prison.
11. They consider scientific examination to play a great role in the successful prosecution of criminal process.
12. Many criminals are believed to escape punishment through the skilful psychiatric testimony.
13. We know M.O. (modus operandi) to be a good aid in investigation.
14. Few juveniles are found by the court to be no-delinquent at trial.
17. Find in the texts "Types of Crime" Infinitive, Complex Object and Complex Subject and translate them correctly.
UNIT 17
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Grammar: Reported Speech
STEPS IN DECISION-MAKING PROCESS
The criminal justice system consists of 13 steps that cover stages of law enforcement, adjudication and corrections.
1. Investigation. The process begins when the police believe that a crime has been committed. At this point, an investigation is begun. The police normally depends on a member of the community to report the offence. Except for traffic and public offences, the police rarely observe illegal behavior themselves. Because most crimes have been committed and offenders have left the scene before the police arrive, the police are at disadvantage in quickly finding and arresting the offender.
2. Arrest. If the police find enough evidence showing that a particular person has committed a crime, an arrest may be made. An arrest involves physically taking a person into custody. This action not only restricts the person's freedom but is also the first step toward the prosecution. Arrest may be made on the basis of a warrant or without a warrant.
3. Booking. After an arrest, the suspect is usually transported to a police station for booking, in which a record is made of the arrest. When booked, the suspect may be fingerprinted, photographed, interrogated, and placed in a lineup to be identified by the victim or witnesses. All suspects must also be warned that they may remain silent, and that any statement they make may be used against them later. Bail may be set to release the suspect from custody until the case is processed.
4. Charging. Prosecuting attorneys must consider the fact of the case and decide whether there is a reasonable cause to believe that an offence was committed and that the suspect committed the offence.
5. Initial appearance. Within a reasonable time after arrest, the suspect must be brought before a judge. The judge decides whether there is enough evidence to hold the suspect for further criminal proceeding. If enough evidence has not been produced, the judge will dismiss the case.
6. Preliminary hearing. The preliminary hearing allows the judge to decide whether there is a probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed and that the accused person committed it. If the judge does not find probable cause, the case is dismissed. If there is enough evidence, the accused is bound over for arraignment or an information – a document charging a person with specific crime.
7. Indictment / information. If the preliminary hearing leads to an information or the grand jury vote leads to an indictment, the prosecutor prepares the formal charging document and presents it to court.
8. Arraignment. The accused person appear in court to hear the indictment or information read by a judge. Accused person may plead guilty or not guilty. If the accused pleads guilty, the judge must decide, whether the plea is made voluntarily and whether the person has full knowledge of the consequences.
9. Trial. Most trials are summary or bench trials - that is, they are conducted without a jury. A defendant may be found guilty only if the evidence proves beyond a reasonable doubt that he or she committed the offence. Because the defendant pleads guilty in most criminal cases, only about 15 percent of cases go to trial and only 5 percent are heard by jury. A defendant may be found guilty only if the evidence proves beyond a reasonable doubt that he or she committed the offence.
10. Sentencing. Judges are responsible for imposing sentences. Among the judge's options are a suspended sentence, probation, imprisonment, or other sanctions such as fines and community service.
11. Appeal. Defendants who are found guilty may appeal convictions to a higher court. The number of appeals is small compared with the total number of convictions.
12. Corrections. The court's sentence is carried out by the correctional subsystem. Probation, intermediate sanctions such as fines and community service, incarceration are the sanctions most often imposed.
13. Release may occur when the offender has served the full sentence imposed by the court, but most offenders are returned to the community under the supervision of a parole officer. Parole continues for the duration of the sentence or for a period specified by law.
Notes:
| take into custody | взять под стражу |
| line-up n | предъявление для опознания |
| reasonable cause to believe | достаточное основание для предположения |
| remain silent | хранить молчание |
| report an offence | сообщать (в полицию) о совершении преступления |
Vocabulary
| adjudication n | разрешение дела, вынесение судебного решения |
| appeal n | апелляция |
| arraignment n | предъявление обвинения |
| attorney n prosecuting ~ n | юрист, адвокат обвинитель, прокурор |
| booking n | регистрация |
| bound a | обязанный |
| case n bring a ~ dismiss a ~ drop a ~ | судебное дело представить дело в суд прекратить дело отказаться от иска, обвинения |
| cause n | причина, основание |
| charge n v ~ sb with sth | обвинение; обвинять обвинять кого-либо в чем-либо |
| consider v | рассматривать |
| conviction n | осуждение (признание виновным) |
| correction n | исправительное наказание |
| defendant n | обвиняемый, подсудимый |
| disadvantage n | невыгодное положение |
| evidence n | доказательство, свидетельское показание |
| fine n | штраф |
| guilty a plead ~ | виновный признать себя виновным |
| imprisonment n | тюремное заключение |
| incarceration n | лишение свободы |
| indictment n | обвинительный акт |
| interrogate v | допрашивать |
| jury n | суд присяжных |
| offence n commit an ~ (crime) | правонарушение, преступление совершить преступление |
| parole n | условно-досрочное освобождение |
| preliminary a | предварительный |
| probation n | пробация, испытание (вид условного наказания) |
| prosecution n | судебное преследование, обвинение |
| record n make a ~ | документ, протокол составить протокол |
| release n | освобождение |
| remain v | оставаться |
| restrict v | ограничивать |
| sentence n serve ~ impose ~ suspended ~ | приговор, наказание отбывать наказание назначить наказание отсрочка исполнения приговора или наказания |
| trial n | судебный процесс |
| victim n | потерпевший |
| warn v | предостерегать |
| warrant n | ордер (на обыск, арест) |
| witness n | свидетель |
Exercises