Put the verb in brackets into the correct form using Participle I, II or Gerund.
1. In (to conduct) a preliminary investigation the investigative inquiry should be (to direct) towards (to establish) whether a crime has been committed.
2. The facts of the matter should be (to present) to the prosecutor’s office, a warrant (to obtain), and an arrest of the suspect (to make).
3. Other responsibilities of the first officer at the scene include (to search) of all available information.
4. Prior to (to gather) of physical evidence the crime scene should be (to photograph) and (to sketch), (to fingerprint), search (to conduct) and casts (to make) of tire tracks, footprints.
5. (To organize) crime operates on fear, bribery and force.
6. She (to accuse of) (to steal) the scarf.
7. The interrogation deals with the legal aspects of (to question) the suspects or (to accuse).
8. He is (to suspect of) (to commit) a crime.
9. (To be) a skilled criminalist, he was rather helpful in the investigation.
10. The investigator should identify persons (to have) any knowledge of the crime.
11. When (to investigate) a crime, a detective should rely on his professional knowledge and skills.
Translate the following sentences using Gerund or Participle I.
1. Он использовал много современных методов при осмотре места преступления.
2. Он пытался быть честным и независимым при расследовании этого дела.
3. Мы полагались на его опыт при раскрытии преступления.
4. Следователь настаивал на сборе дополнительных вещественных доказательств.
5. Заявляя о преступлении, граждане помогают полиции контролировать ситуацию в городе.
6. Я был ответственным за допрос подозреваемого.
7. Когда вы закончили опрос свидетелей?
UNIT 16
TYPES OF CRIME
Grammar: Infinitive
Infinitive Constructions
TYPES OF CRIME
Crime can be classified in various ways.
Scholars often use the distinction mala in se and mala prohibita. Crimes which are wrong in themselves have traditionally been called mala in se. Mala prohibita areconsidered (to be) crimes which are prohibited by the government but not because they are wrong in themselves.
Crime can also be classified as either felonies or misdemeanors. Felony is a serious crime, e.g. murder. Misdemeanor is less serious crime than felony and usually punishable by incarceration of no more than a year or probation. A third scheme classifies crimes by the nature of the act. This approach produces five types of crime: occupational crime, organized crime, visible crime, victimless crime, and political crime. New types of crime emerge as society changes.
Occupational crimes are committed in the context of legal business or profession. Crimes committed in the course of business were first described by criminologist Edwin Sutherland in 1934, when he developed the concept of "white-collar crime". The pirates of the seventeenth century are believed to have been an early form of organized crime in America. Today African Americans, Hispanics, Russians and Asians have formed organized crime groups in some cities. Organized crime has also developed global networks, involving the drug trade, money laundering and terrorism.
Visible crime, often called "street crime" or "ordinary crime", ranges from shoplifting to homicide. We can divide visible crimes into three categories: violent crimes, property crimes, and public order crimes.
Crimes without victims are considered to be offences against morality. Examples include prostitution, gambling, and drug sales and use.
Political crime refers to criminal acts either by the government or against the government.
Cybercrime. As new technologies emerge, new types of crime emerge too. Cybercrimes are becoming a major global problem. Cybercrimes involve the use of computers and the Internet to commit acts against people, property, public order or morality.
Notes:
| mala in se | деяния, которые являются преступными по своей сути |
| mala prohibita | деяния, которые являются преступными в соответствии с законом |
Vocabulary
| believe v | полагать |
| consider v | считать |
| crime n occupational ~ ordinary ~ organized ~ political ~ property ~ public order ~ victimless ~ violent ~ visible ~ white-collar ~ | преступление, преступность преступление, связанное с родом деятельности обычное общеуголовное преступление организованное преступление политическое преступление имущественное преступление нарушение общественного порядка преступление без (установленного) потерпевшего насильственное преступление явное преступление беловоротничковое преступление |
| cybercrime n | преступление в области информационных технологий |
| emerge v | появляться |
| felony n | фелония (категория тяжких преступлений, по степени опасности находящаяся между государственной изменой и мисдиминором) |
| gambling n | азартные игры |
| homicide n | убийство |
| incarceration n | лишение свободы |
| laundering n money ~ | стирка "отмывание денег" |
| misdemeanor n | мисдиминор (категория наименее опасных преступлений, граничащих с административными правонарушениями) |
| network n | сеть |
| range (from … to) v | колебаться в определенных пределах |
| refer (to) v | относится |
| shoplifting n | магазинная кража |
| trade n | торговля |
Exercises