Correlation between criminalistics and the sciences of criminal law, criminal procedure and criminology

1. Crimes are studied not only by criminalistics but also by criminal law, criminal procedure and criminology. However, they all tackle different problems.

2. On the one hand, criminalistics establishes links between methods of investigation, conditions and material consequences of crimes and other attendant circumstances. On the other hand, criminalistics establishes links between the intentions and actions of the criminal. Criminalistics defines the ways and means for crime detection. If one knows how particular crimes are committed it is much easier to define the ways and methods for their detection.

3. Criminalistics is closely linked with criminology. Criminalistics data are used for tackling criminological problems of crime prevention. Criminology data are taken into account in elaborating criminalistic descriptions of crimes and "specific methods" of investigation.

4. Criminalistics is closely connected with criminal law, that is why its methods, means and tactics are used in legal sphere.

5. The link between criminalistics and the sciences of criminal law and criminal procedure is basically established through the branches of law which are studied by these sciences.

ВАРИАНТ III

I.Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите и подчеркните в них Gerund. Предложения переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции герундия.

1. The overall purpose of punishment is the purpose of protecting society by deterring persons from committing crimes.

2. After studying some penitentiary systems practically all European countries adopted the Pennsylvania system.

3. Rehabilitating prisoners is a very complicated process.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Crimes are studied not only by criminalistics but also by criminology and criminal law.

2. Capital punishment has been abolished in some countries.

3. The case was being prepared for trial when the ivestigator was given some new important evidence.

4. The paper "The Role and Influence of Staff in a Prison System" was often referred to.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них и подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1. The prime purpose of penal treatment is to rehabilitate the offender, and to train him to lead a law-abiding life on discharge.

2. The State of Mississippi was the last to pass a legislation on parole.

3. A general rule to be followed by every investigator is: nothing at a crime scene is too insignificant.

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения, найдите в них независимый (самостоятельный) причастный оборот и подчеркните его. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода независимого причастного оборота на русский язык.

1. In our courts the participants in the trial are heard in open court, the press having the right to be present.

2. Elections in the Russian Federation being universal, all citizens at the age of 18 have the right to elect.

V.Перепишите следующие сложные предложения, найдите в них придаточные предложения условия и подчеркните их. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода условных предложений на русский язык.

1. Judicial activity will be much more effective, if all other aspects of state activity are regulated in a proper legalistic way.

2. If the International law could not influence the course of international relations, it would have lost its significance.

3. If the investigator had had more evidence, he would have been able to prove the case.

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THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

1. The criminal justice system is composed of those agencies which must enforce the laws that society has enacted for its self-protection and preservation. Theoretically, it is an integrated apparatus whose functions are to apprehend, prosecute, convict, sentence, and correct offenders.

2. The US system is federal by its nature, i.e. it consists of three subsystems: state, local and federal criminal justice agencies. The system is composed of three components: police, court, corrections. Each component must contribute to the same goal - the prevention and control of crime and the rehabilitation of offenders.

3. So the effectiveness of the whole system depends on the efficient functioning of each component and their efficient interaction. But at present the criminal justice system doesn’t work successfully. Of the several million serious crimes reported every year to police, ranging from murder to car theft, only one in nine results in a conviction.

4. The rate of solution varies with different crimes. Murder is usually reported, and 86 per cent of all reported murders lead to arrests. Among those arrested, however, only 64 per cent are prosecuted and not more than 43 per cent of the cases prosecuted result in convictions. Of persons prosecuted for murder 19 per cent are convicted of a lesser crime and 38 per cent are acquitted or dismissed.

ВАРИАНТ IV

1. Criminal procedure must educate citizens in the spirit of observing laws.

2. After serving their terms of imprisonment the inmates in our country are citizens with full rights.

3. A criminal investigation department is primarily responsible for detecting crime.

1. The first legislation on indeterminate sentence was passed by Michigan in 1867.

2. A Conference on drug addiction is being held in Moscow now.

3. The UNO has been called upon to play an important role in the affairs of mankind.

4. Juvenile's behaviour is influenced tremendously by his home environment.

1. The investigator is seldom the first to arrive at the scene of a crime.

2. Measures to control delinquent behaviour may be divided in two groups: direct and indirect ones.

3. The principles to be carried out in international relations between countries are laid down in the UN Charter.

1. The General Assembly is composed of all member states, each member having not more than five representatives in the Assembly.

2. A bill being signed by the Queen, it becomes an act of Parliament.

1. If a parolee commits another offence against the law he may be returned to an institution.

2. If there were no international law it would be difficult to regulate the relations between states.

3. Criminality would have been liquidated long ago if all people observed the laws.

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THE BRITISH POLICE OFFICER

1. The British police officer- sometimes called the "bobby" after Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the police force - is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has seen British films. Few people realize that the police in Britain are organized very differently from many other countries.

2. Most countries, for example, have a national police force which is controlled by central Government. Britain has no national police force, although police policy is governed by the central Government's Home Office. Instead, there is a separate police force for each of 52 areas into which the country is divided. Each has a police authority a committee of local county councilors and magistrates.

3. The forces со-operate with each other, but it is unusual for members of one force to operate in another's area unless they are asked to give assistance. This sometimes happens when there has been a very serious crime. A Chief Constable (the most senior police officer of a force) may sometimes ask for the assistance of London's police force, based at New Scotland Yard - known simply as "the Yard".

4. In most countries the police carry guns. The British police generally do not carry firearms, except in Northern Ireland. Only a few police are regularly armed - for instance, those who guard politicians and diplomats or who patrol airports. In certain circumstances specially trained police officers can be armed, but only with the signed permission of a magistrate.

ВАРИАНТ V

1. Imprisonment is a means for educating and not a means for debasing human dignity.

2. Before hearing the case in court there is a preliminary investigation of a crime.

3. An arrest is taking a person into custody.

1. Crimes are uncovered through criminal procedure and operative-search activities.

2. The problem of indeterminate sentence is being widely discussed in many countries.

3. A new criminal-executive code of Belarus has been worked out by 1993.

4. This experiment held in one of the correctional institutions was much spoken about.

1. The goal of operative-search activities is to detect crimes and find their perpetrators.

2. Inspector Edward Henry was the first to work out fingerprint classification system.

3. The speaker emphasized the role to be played by the Municipal Police in the fight against economic crimes.

1. The post of the US President is elective, the presidential elections taking place every 4 years.

2. The district courts being the primary link of the judiciary, most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts.

1. If the conduct of a prisoner is extremely bad, he may be transferred bу a court decision to an institution with a stricter regime.

2. If the jury decide that the accused is not guilty, he is immediately discharged.

3. If the investigation had been conducted with greater thoroughness, the case would have been solved much sooner.

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SCOTLAND YARD

1. Apart from the 999 Room, one of the most interesting places in Scotland Yard is the Map Room. Here is the Central Crime Map, the Deaths by Violence Map, the Accidents Map and the Vehicles Recovered Map.

2. An old-established section of the Metropolitan Police is the Mounted Branch, with its strength of about 200 horses stabled at strategic points.

3. An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1938. Now these dogs are an important part of the Force. One dog, for example, can search a ware-house in ten minutes, whereas the same search would take six men an hour.

4. There is also the River Police or Thames Division, which has its own crime investigation officers who handle all crimes occurring within its river boundaries.

5. There are two other departments of Scotland Yard - the Witness Room where a photographic record of known or suspected criminals is kept, and the Museum, which contains murder relicts, forgery exhibits and coining moulds.

6. The name “Scotland Yard” originates from the plot of land adjoining Whitehall Palace where, in about the 14th century, the royalty and nobility of Scotland stayed when visiting the English Court.

ВАРИАНТ VI

1. Though there were many attempts of giving a definition of a “crime”, no really satisfactory definition of a “crime” has yet been given.

2. The main task of police work is the task of protecting society against crime.

3. Theories on law were based on asserting that law plays a constructive role in society.

1. First the anthropometrical system introduced by Alphonse Bertillon in 1882 was used as the means of individual identification.

2. A copy of the instructions will be sent to the jury room for the use of jurors during their deliberations.

3. A new service for the fight against organized crime has been created in our militia.

4. Fingerprints of the offender are often found at the scene of a crime.

1. Witnesses for the prosecution may be cross-examined.

2. To enter the scene of a crime and carelessly handle objects before they have been photographed and examined for fingerprints is unforgivable.

3. The defendant preferred to make a statement through his solicitor.

4. The evidence to be found at a crime scene is very important for the investigation.

1. The article being interesting and important, I used it in my report.

2. The political platform of the Republican and Democratic parties in the USA being alike, the Democrats and Republicans essentially conduct the similar policy.

1. If it were not for the law, you could not go out in broad daylight without the fear of being kidnapped, robbed or murdered.

2. If a crime has been committed, the militia officers should do all they can to detect the offender; it means to locate and apprehend him.

3. One must put himself in the place of the criminal. What would the investigator himself do if he were in the same situation and conditions?

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