Supplement legal expressions. Use your legal dictionary.

AMatch the following English expressions with their Russian equivalents.

	credit for time in custody	a	возвращение под стражу
	defendant not in custody	b	дальнейшее содержание под стражей
	detention in custody	c	передать, препроводить под стражу
	escape by person in custody	d	допрос лица, находящегося под стражей
	in-custody confession	e	содержать под стражей
	in-custody interrogation	f	зачёт времени пребывания под стражей
	person in custody	g	лицо, содержащееся под стражей
	remand in custody	h	освободить из – под стражи
	retention in custody	i	побег из – под стражи
	to discharge from custody	j	подсудимый, находящийся на свободе
	to keep in custody	k	признание, сделанное лицом, находящимся под стражей
	to submit to custody	l	содержание под стражей

BFill in the gaps in the text below with the appropriate words from the box.

A policeman was sent to 1) ______ the disappearance of some property from a hotel. When he arrived, he found that the hotel staff had caught a boy in one of the rooms with a camera and some cash. When the policeman tried to 2) _______ the boy, he became violent and the policeman had to 3) _______ him. At the police station the boy could not give a satisfactory explanation for his actions and the police decided to 4) ______ him with the 5) ______ of the camera and cash. They took his 6) ______, locked him in a 7) ______, and 8) ______ him overnight. The next morning he appeared in 9) ______ before the 10) ______. He took an 11) ______ and 12) ______not guilty. Two 13) ______ the owner of the property and a member of the hotel staff, gave 14) ______. After both sides of the case had been heard the boy was 15) ______ guilty. He had to pay a 16) ______ of $ 50 and he was given a 17) ______ of three months in prison suspended for two years.

CFill in the gaps with the prepositions from the box. Some of these can be used more than once. If no preposition is necessary, leave the space empty.

1He's being kept ______ custody.

2He was sentenced ______ five years.

3She got a sentence ______ six months.

4He was accused ______ murder.

5She's been charged ______ theft.

6He appeared ______ court ______ handcuffs.

7They were brought ______ the judge.

8The prosecution tried to discredit ______ the defense witness.

9I would like to report ______ a theft.

10If you don’t tell me you’ll be charged ______ withholding evidence.

11During the appeal he claimed that the original judge had been biased in favour ______ the plaintiff.

DAll the verbs in the box relate to legal matters. Use them to complete the sentences.

1The new landlord has started proceedings to ______ all the tenants.

2The jury was unable to ______ a unanimous decision.

3The policeman warned him that it was illegal to ______ evidence.

4Are you ready to ______ in court that this is what happened.

5This evidence is hearsay and I call upon the court to ______ it.

6The prisoner’s behaviour has been good and I am going to ______ him for parole.

7The management and the union could not agree and they called in an industrial tribunal to ______.

Unit 20 The Court System of the Russian Federation

Before you read.

Discuss these questions.

1Have you ever been to a court?

2What types of courts do you know?

3Do you rely on your court system?

Text A

In all legal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying, abolishing and applying the law. Usually these take the form of hierarchy of courts. The court is a state body that administers justice on behalf of the state. The role of each court and its capacity to make decisions is strictly defined in relation to other courts. There are two main reasons for variety of courts. One is that a particular court can specialize in particular kinds of legal actions. The other is so that a person who feels his case was not fairly treated in a lower court can appeal to a higher court for reassessment. The decisions of a higher court are binding upon lower courts.

Judicial authority in Russia is implemented through the constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal court proceedings. Another judicial branch is arbitration (arbitrazh русcк.)economic proceedings. The civil courts of general jurisdiction deal primarily with legal relations between individuals in the areas of contract, tort, property and family law. The Federal Constitutional Law*, dated 31 December 1996, establishes and regulates the Russian Federation's judicial system, determines the basic principles for the exercise of judicial authority, the status of judges and the procedure for the establishment and abolition of courts.

* №. 1-FKZ. On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation.

The court system of the Russian Federation consists of:

The Constitutional Court

The Federal courts

The Arbitrazh courts.

This practice is consistent with the judicial system of other European civil law countries. There are courts of first instance (original jurisdiction) and second instance (appellate jurisdiction). A court in which a case is first heard is called the court of first instance. A court of original jurisdiction is one which first examines a case in substance and brings in a sentence or decision. Any court may sit as a court of first instance. In almost all cases it is possible to appeal to higher court for reconsideration of the decision of the original court. A court of second instance is one which examines appeals and protests against sentences and decisions of courts of first instance.

Disputes, involving individuals are resolved in the courts of general jurisdiction while economic disputes between legal entities are resolved in the Arbitrazh courts. In addition, parties may by an agreement provide for the arbitration of disputes in Russia or abroad. Russian law allows parties contractually to choose the application of law, with some restrictions. Parties to international agreements may also agree to have disputes resolved in a foreign jurisdiction, either in the court or by arbitration. If the parties agree to have a dispute resolved in a foreign jurisdiction by arbitration, a Russian court will not consent to hear the dispute.

The Court Structure

The Superior Courts

There are three Superior Courts in the Russian Federation:

1 The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation

2 The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation

3 The High Arbitrazh Court of the Russian Federation.