Text 6: Two Levels of Cooperation

Russian law allows for conducting cooperative investigations with other countries for money laundering, to include asset freezing, seizure, and forfeiture. Current Russian laws used to combat money laundering focus on the underlying crime that generates illegal proceeds. This international cooperation can be initiated on two levels: at the diplomatic level, which requires the legal procedure using letters rogatory described below; and at the operational level, whereby the information exchanged is used for investigatory purposes only. Until more formalized bilateral agreements are signed, the trend in Russia is to encourage more contacts at the operational level between comparable national agencies, not only for the exchange of information but also for conducting joint investigations.

Russian law enforcement authorities may act on a legal assistance request in a money laundering case when the state asking for assistance is seeking records, searches, seizure of evidence, freezing of funds held in bank accounts, and the seizure and forfeiture of assets. Formal legal requests, in the form of letters rogatory, must first be sent through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which passes the request on to the appropriate law enforcement agencies. The law enforcement agency evaluates the competency of the request. Then, based on the approval of the General Prosecutor's Office, a case is opened, and the operational phase of the investigation may begin. As a result of the investigation, any evidentiary information conveyed to the requester must be in conformance with international and bilateral agreements in effect between both countries. Problems occur when agreements do not exist with other countries, especially in the area of forfeiture and seizure of assets. Russia has signed no agreements with other countries on recognition of foreign judgements.

§ Vocabulary notes

forfeiture	['fo:fItS@]	потеря, конфискация
to underlie (underlay, underlain)		лежать в основе
letters rogatory		рогаторий, судебное поручение (о допросе свидетеля)
records	['reko:dz]	1) записи, свидетельства; 2) протокол
off the records		неофициальный
search	[s@:tS]	1 ) поиски
to be in search of smth		находиться в поиске чего-либо
to search for smth		искать что-либо
		2) обыск
right of search		права обыска (судов)
		3) исследование
to evaluate	[I'v{ljueIt]	оценивать, определять количество
competence	['kompIt@ns]	1) компетенция; 2) правомочность
evidentiary (= evidential)	[,evI'd@nS@rI]	1) доказательный; 2) основанный на 2) очевидности
to convey	[k@n'veI]	1)сообщать, передавать; 2) передавать (имущество или право на владение имуществом)
conveyance		перевозка, доставка

Words and Grammar

aWrite down the word families of the following words:

to lie.......................................... to convey.....................................

to record.................................. value.............................................

to search.................................. evidence......................................

to complete.............................. information.................................

b Mark (with a tick Ú)the contextual meaning of the words:

с Match the English and Russian equivalents:

d Write down as many nouns as you can which can be used with the following adjectives:

illegal...................................... investigatory.......................................................

international...........................comparable.........................................................

diplomatic...............................appropriate.........................................................

operational..............................joint....................................................................

competent...............................cooperative..........................................................

e Write out all the words and word combinations relating to:

investigations........................ legal assistance requests................................

agreements.............................foreign judgements........................................

f Write down the parts of speech the words in italics are and complete these sentences the way you like:

1 Russian law allows for conducting..................................................................................................................

2 Current Russian laws used to combat money laundering focus on..................................................................

3 The diplomatic level requires the legal procedure using...........................................................................…...

4 At the operational level the information exchanged is.....................................................................................

g Translate into English paying attention to the use of Tenses:

1 Пока не будут подписаны эти ...............................................

соглашения, вопрос не может ................................................

быть полностью решен. ................................................

2 Если эти средства будут ................................................

признаны незаконными, они ................................................

будут конфискованы. ................................................

3 Они начнут расследование, ................................................

когда получат запрос. ................................................

4 Как только они примут ре- ................................................

шение, они направят ответ. .................................................

Suggested activities

h Underline one sentence in each paragraph which seems most important to you. Give logical reasons.

i Say what information given in the text is new as compared with the previous texts on money laundering in Russia.

j Write a short essay saying why Russia has not signed (or has signed by now) an agreement with other countries on recognition of foreign judgements. You may take the steps recommended:

Pre-reading questions:

1. Do you think this will be the last text on money laundering in Russia?

2. What aspects of the problem do you think this text describes?

Skim and scan

Read the text quickly and say (1) how many new aspects, if any, the text states; (2) how you would entitle this text.