We can discusss this matter tomorrow.
but
The conference is to start tomorrow.
2 Как правило, перечисленные модальные глаголы употребляются в настоящем времени. При использовании других времен часто употребляются эквиваленты модальных глаголов:
| The Modal Verb | Past Tenses | Future Tenses |
| can may must | could, was/were be able might, was/were allowed had to do | shall/will be able shall/will be allowed shall/will have to |
We were able to come to an agreement.
We were allowed to use this equipment.
You will have to rewrite it.
3 Если после модальных глаголов употребляется Perfect Infinitives, значения модальных глаголов меняются:
| They must have done it. They can have done it. They may have done it. They might have done it. They should have done it. They were to have done it. | Должно быть (скорее всего) это сделали они. (т.е. почти полная уверенность) Возможно это сделали они. Может быть это сделали они. (меньшая степень уверенности) Все-таки маловероятно, что это сделали они. (т. е. еще меньшая степень уверенности) Они должна были бы сделать это. (упрек) Они должны были сделать это. (по плану, но не сделали этого) |
§ Exercises
a Read and translate the following sentences:
1 A solicitor is a lawyer who gives legal advice to his or her client and may sometimes represent them in court.
2 A trustee is the legal owner of property which s/he holds in trust for the benefit of the beneficiary under Rules of Equity and the trustee must act in the interests of the beneficiary, according to the terms of the trust.
3 In law «to appeal» is to ask a higher court to change the judgement already given by a lower court. Criminals have the right to appeal against their sentences to the Court of Appeal. If the appeal is refused there can be a final appeal to the House of Lords, but this rearly happens.
4 Anyone who wants to own a gun, even a shortgun (a gun for shooting birds or rabbits) must get a firearm certificate from the police.
b Read the following text, underline the modal verbs and explain their usage:
The jury and the verdict
In British law since the accused are considered to be innocent until they are proved guilty, the prosecution must prove their guilt, the defence does not have to prove their innocence. If there is doubt in the minds of the jury, the verdict must be «not guilty». In Scottish law, a jury may return a verdict of «not proven» (not proved), but even then the verdict is final and a person may not be tried twice for the same crime. Until 1966 in England and Wales all the members of the jury had to be in agreement. Now, at least ten of the twelve jury members must agree before a verdict can be given.
сRead the following table and say what Russian young people can or must do at these ages:
| Young people and the law in the UK | age |
| They must go to school | |
| They can buy a pet without their parents being there | |
| They cart get a part-time job | |
| They can leave home without permission of their parents | |
| They can get married if their parents agree | |
| They can leave school and work full time | |
| They can apply for a passport | |
| They can drive a car but not a lorry | |
| They can go to prison | |
| They can vote | |
| They can drink alcohol in public |
d Read the following and sum it up:
Learner drivers and law
In Britain all learner drivers need to display «L» plates.
In the USA there is no law that says a learner driver needs to have «L» plates or any such warning device. A young person can apply for a learner's permit at the age of fifteen and a half and take a test at sixteen.
In Germany you must go to a professional driving school to learn to drive.
In Finland you have to do a written test.
In Spain and France new drivers carry a sticker to show that the vehicle has a maximum speed of 90 k. p. h.
e Have a look at the picture and say what you see in it:
Mark the true statement with «J»:
1 You can have a passenger on a motorbike provided he wears a helmet................
2 Unless you wear a helmet, you can't ride on a motobike................
3 No passenger is allowed on a motobike................
4 No passenger is allowed on a bike................
§ The main functions of the Infinitive in sentences
§ Exercises
aUnderline the Infinitives, write down what parts of sentences they are and translate the sentences into Russian:
1 His duty is to make sure that the place of work is safe....(Part of the predicate)............................................
2 He could not refuse to fulfill demands of court................................................................................................
3 He has just finished to read the sentence..........................................................................................................
4 I expect him to be acquitted..............................................................................................................................
5 Please telephone him to send this message.......................................................................................................
6 I would like to see this witness again...............................................................................................................
7 This is the place to see......................................................................................................................................
§ The Participles and their functions in sentences
§ Exercises
a Encircle the Participles, mark the Present Participles with «Pres» and the Past Participles with «Past» and translate the sentences into Russian:
| 1 I he tine paid amounted to three hundred dollars. 2The executor is the person appointed to «execute» the will, that is to give effect to the wishes expressed in the will by the testator. 3 All criminal trials in Britain are held before a judge and a jury consisting of twelve ordinary people. 4 The police investigating the case are looking for three men. 5 The police never found the money stolen in the robbery. 6 They promised to compensate for all the expenses incurred. 7 The document corrected cannot be accepted. | Past - Уплаченный штраф составил 300 долларов...................................................................... ...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... ...................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... ..................................................................................... .................................................................................... .................................................................................... .................................................................................... ..................................................................................... |
b Complete the following sentences using Participles:
1 They considered the application dated 20 September 1999 (to date) 20 September 1999.
2 The other party wanted to change the period ......................... (to establish) previously.
3 The questions...........................(to mention) were of no importance.
4 The facts...........................(to underline) by the girl were rather unexpected.
5 The decision...........................(to make) aroused everybody's interest.
6 The contract ...........................(to make) between these two parties has been completed.
7 The Clause...........................(to describe) the terms of payment will be discussed tomorrow.
8 The reports...........................(to reveal) these figures has not been issued jet.
§ Some prepositions
Remember and use for reference:
| · a party to a contract · a party in an action · a party in/at fault · to claim smth · a claim for smth · to give rise to a claim · to state a claim against smb · in opposition to the claim · to sue a case against smb · to bring a civil action against smb · to proceed a case against smb · to make charges against smb | · to accuse smb of smth · to charge smb with smth · to acquit smb of smth, · to be entitled to acquittal · to witness smth · a witness to smth · to testify to smth at/in/ during a trial · to keep/to detain smb in custody · to take into custody · to be in jail/prison | |||
| · under consideration · under/on oath · under legal duty · to take smth into consideration/ account | · not subject to appeal without appeal · to support smth in support of smth | |||
• to veto smth – a veto of/over smth
• to search smth – to search for smth – in search of smth
• to consent to smth – to give consent to smth – by mutual consent
• inconsistent/incompatible with smth
• to be/to remain in force
to come/to enter into force
§ Parts of Speech
Remember and use for reference:
| Существительное | noun | n. |
| Глагол | verb | V. |
| Прилагательное | adjective | adj. |
| Наречие | adverb | adv. |
| Местоимение | pronoun | pron. |
| Причастие (отглагольная форма) | Participle | Part. |
| Герундий (отглагольная форма) | Gerund | Ger. |
| Инфинитив (неопределенная форма глагола) | Infinitive | Inf. |
| Предлог | preposition | prep. |
| Союз | conjunction | conj. |
§ Parts of Sentence
Remember and use for reference:
| Подлежащее | subject | subj. |
| Сказуемое | predicate | pred. |
| Дополнение | object | obj. |
| Определение | attribute | attr. |
| Обстоятельство | adverbial modifier | adv. |
| места | of place | |
| времени | of time | |
| образа действия | of manner | |
| цели | of purpose |
§ Revise Grammar!
a Read and retell how the story started:
The police make an arrest
One Sunday evening a police sergeant and a constable knocked at the door of Number 10 Royal Row.
«Mr. Williams?» said the sergeant. «We have reason to believe that there is stolen property in this house. We'd like to see your son, Jim». Gary looked at the policeman suspiciously. «What's he done?»
«The doorstep isn't a good place to talk, isn't it. sir?» said the seargent. «May we come inside?»
Gary hesistated. Then he said, «Have you got a warrant?»
«As a matter of fact, we have, sir», said the seargent.
He showed Gary a document signed by the local magistrate which gave him the right to enter the Williams' house and search it.
Without this warrant the police could enter the house only if Gary «invited» them in.
The sergeant and the constable followed Gary into the sitting room. Jim was there.
Jim looked at the policemen, then at his father.
«You don't have to say anything, son», said Gary. «But I'd like to know what you've been up to».
Gary knew that the police could not use threats or force to make his son talk, and that they could not arrest him unless they had evidence that he had committed a crime. They could only «invite» him to go with them to the police station for questioning but they could not keep him there unless they could charge him with a crime.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
§ Vocabulary notes
| sergeant to knock to knock at the door suspicious to hesitate warrant to search What have you been up to? threat | ['s@:³@nt] [nok] [s@s'pIS@s] ['worent] [Õret] | сержант стучать, бить, ударять постучать в дверь подозрительный 1) колебаться; 2) запинаться 1) ордер; 2) предписание; 3) основание, правомочие, оправдание 1) обыскивать; 2) исследовать (разг.) Что случилось? угроза |
b Read the continuation of the story using the correct prepositions and retell it:
The police have to bring prisoners... the court as soon as possible, usually within twenty-four hours. No prison without trial is one... the most important rights that an English person has. It dates... the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679. «Habeas Corpus» is the Latin... «You shall produce the body»,... other words, the prisoner must be brought... the court. «I'm not saying anything!» replied Jim.
«Listen, son!» said Gary. «If you are hiding anything... this house, go and get it. I'm not having the police turn my cupboards inside out».
Jim went upstairs and came back a moment later... five cigarette lighters. He was arrested at once. He was taken out... the police car and driven straight... the local police station.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
§ Vocabulary notes
| trial habeas corpus(Lat.) act to hide (hid, hidden) cupboard to turn inside out lighter | [traI@isl] ['heIbj@s 'ko:p@s] ['köb@d] | суд предписание о представлении арестованного в суд для рассмотрения законности ареста 1) Закон (парламента); 2) постановление (суда) прятать 1) шкаф, буфет; 2) стенной шкаф, чулан вывернуть наизнанку зажигалка |
с Read the continuation of the story using the verbs in the correct forms and retell it:
«Caution him!» the seargent (to tell) the constable as soon as they (to arrive). The constable (to take) out his notebook. «... you (to wish) to say anything?» he said to Jim. «You are not obliged to say anything unless you (to wish) to do so. But whatever you say will be taken down in writing and may (to give) in evidence». These are the words which policemen must (use) before questioning people accused of a crime. This «caution», or warning (to inform) the accused that the police cannot (to force) them to convict themselves by what they say.
The constable (to tell) Jim to sit down. «Now then, where (to be) you at 5.25 on Thursday evening?»
«I not (to talk) – copper!»
«All right!» (to say) the constable calmly. «I'll wait. But it'll
help you if you (to tell) the truth».
...................................................................................................................................................................................
§ Vocabulary notes
| to caution Caution! caution to be obliged to do smth whatever copper calm | ['ko:S@n] [@'blaI³d] | предостерегать Берегись! Осторожно! (вывеска) 1) осторожность; 2) предостережение, предупреждение быть обязанным сделать что-либо что бы ни,все что 1) медь; 2) (разг.) полицейский, полисмен спокойный, тихий, мирный |
d Read the end of the story, insert the correct articles and retell it:
At last Jim agreed to talk. In other words, he agreed to make... statement, in which he admitted that he knew... cigarette lighters had been stolen. He also told... constable exactly who, when and where had given him... lighter. After writing down Jim's statement,... constable read it back to him. «Anything else you want to say?» «Nothing that you'd like to hear!» said Jim. ... constable handed him... pen. «Write this down,» he said. Jim wrote:
«I have read... above statement and I have been told that I can correct, change or add anything I wish. This statement is true. I have made it of my own free will».
Every written statement must finish with these words, preferably written in... accused person's own handwriting. «Sign it,» said... constable.
Jim signed. He was then charged with having «received stolen goods».
§ Vocabulary notes
| to admit to change to add of my own free will preferably handwriting in one's own handwriting | [@d'mIt] | допускать, соглашаться менять, изменять (ся), заменять прибавлять, добавлять, присоединять по своей собственной воле предпочтительно, лучше почерк своей рукой |
eRetell the complete story in short and answer the following questions:
§ Get ready to work at texts thoroughly!
Madame Tussaud's
Madame Tussaud's is the best known and most visited waxwork exhibition in the world.
In the Chamber of Horrors which is a part of Madame Tussaud's every exhibit deals with the subject of crime and punishment – it is a rogues gallery of dangerous and evil criminals.
In a dark, dank Victorian street, where Jack the Ripper stalked his prey, the torn and twisted body of one of his victims, Cathrine Eddowes, lies mutilated in a pool of blood.
Jack the Ripper was never brought to justice but others were, villians and murderers who met their ends by guillotine, gallows or garrotte.
Madame Tussaud first arrived in England in 1802 from Germany, where she was born in 1761. She brought with her gruesome souvenirs of the French Revolution, the instruments of death and death masks of their victims. The death masks of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are still on display next to the very guillotine blade that beheaded the French queen.
More recent means of execution include the firing squad and the electric chair. American murderer Gary Gilmore is seen facing a hail of bullets. Bruno Hauptman electrocuted in New Jersey, USA in 1936 can be seen here too.
Acid-bath murderer John George Haigh who killed at least nine people and disposed of the bodies in an acid bath, stands in the clothes he wore before his execution. Many prisoners or their relatives bequeathed or sold the clothes or some items which belonged to the murderers to dress their portraits at Madame Tussaud's.
And the «Brides in the Bath» George Joseph Smith leans over a victim in the actual bathtub in which he drowned his well-insured brides.
Notorious mass-murderer John Christie is at work in a replica of the tiny West London kitchen where he concealed the bodies of three of the seven women he killed.
Contemporary criminals in Britain no longer face the death penalty – instead they must spend years behind bars. The exhibition shows a bleak modern prison block with contemporary murderers standing before their cells.
Guy Thome's 1912 description of the murderers in the Chamber of Horrors is still true today: «Row upon row of faces which differ in every way one from another and yet are dreadfully alike. For these great sinister dolls, so unreal and so real, have all a likeness. The smirk of cruelty and cunning seems to lie upon their waxen masks. Colder than life, far colder than death they give forth emanations which strike the very heart with woe and desolation».
§ Vocabularly notes
| horror waxwork wax waxworks rogues rogue evil to do evil the lesser evil of two evils choose the less to stalk smb prey to mutilate villian villian of the piece guillotine gallows to come to the gallows garrotte gruesome means means of execution means of communication means of transport means of payment means of employment means and instruments by all means squad (Am.) bullet a hail of bullets a hail of fire every bullet has its billet billet acid | ['hоr@] ['woksw@:k] [roug] [I:vl] [sto:k] ['mju:tIleIt] ['vIl@n] [,gIl@'tI:n] ['g{louz] [g@'rot] ['gru:s@m] [skwod] ['bulIt] ['{sId] | ужас восковая фигура, муляж воск паноптикум злой (обычно о животных) негодяй, дегенерат 1) зло, вред; 2) злой, вредный творить зло, наносить ущерб меньшее зло из двух зол выбирай, меньшее подкрадываться к кому-либо добыча, жертва увечить, калечить, уродовать злодей главный злодей (в фильме, спектакле, романе) гильотина (орудие казни, названное по имени изобретателя) виселица быть повешенным гаррота (орудие казни, похожее на железный ошейник) ужасный, отвратительный средство, способ средство исполнения, способ экзекуции средства связи транспортные средства платежные средства средства обеспечения занятости орудия и средства производства любым способом, любыми средствами взвод, группа, команда дежурная полицейская машина пуля град пуль сильный огонь от судьбы не уйти; пуля виноватого найдет заготовка кислота | ||||
| to bequeath bride bridegroom bridemaid bride man notorious replica to conceal contemporary cell condemned cell row row upon row in a row in rows | [bI'kwI:D] [n@'to:rI@s] ['r@plIk@] [k@n'sI:l] [k@n'temp@r@rI] [rou] | завещать, передавать невеста жених подруга невесты шафер, друг жениха пользующийся дурной славой, отъявленный, пресловутый точная копия, репродукция, оттиск скрывать, умалчивать, утаивать, маскировать, прятать 1) современный; 2) современник камера камера смертников ряд бесконечный ряд, бесконечная вереница в ряд рядами | ||||
| sinister smirk cruelty cunning to give forth emanation woe Woe is me! desolation | ['sInIst@] ['kru@ltI] [,em@'neISn] [wou] [,des@'leISn] | зловещий, злой, дурной самодовольная улыбка, ухмылка жестокость, безжалостность хитрый, коварный объявлять, обнародовать, распускать слух, зд. издавать излучение, испускание, истечение (лит.) горе, скорбь, несчастье О, горе мне! горе, отчаяние | ||||
§ Suggested activities on the text
aExplain the use of the following in the text:
| § articles | § infinitives |
| § prepositions | § participles |
bFind the answers in the text:
1 What is the name of the exhibition described?...............................................................................................
2 How did Madame Tussaud start her carrier in England?................................................................................
3 What are the crimes of:
Jack the Ripper.............................................................................................................................................
Gary Gilmore................................................................................................................................................
John George Heigh.......................................................................................................................................
George Joseph Smith.....................................................................................................................................
John Christie?................................................................................................................................................
4 Is death penalty still in law in the UK?............................................................................................................
5 How are contemparary criminals shown at the exhibition?..............................................................................
6 What did Guy Thorne say about his impression of the Chamber of Horrors? When did he write those words?........................................................................................................................................................................
с Repeat what the text says about the Chamber of Horrors.
d Translate the description given by Guy Thome into Russian.
e Write down answers to the following questions:
fAgree or disagree and support your point:
1 All criminals look very much alike.
2 Death penalty is in law in Russia.
3 Death penalty should be abolished in every country.
§ Word study
a Write out all the words and expressions associated with crime, from the text.
b Mark (with a tick) the meaning in which the following words are used in the text:
сGive the word families of the following words, as in the example:
crime– criminal (n) – criminal (adj) – to criminalize (v) – criminalist (n) – criminalistics (n)
| horror ..................................... | to desolate...................................... |
| wax ........................................ | to strike........................................... |
| real ........................................ | to die............................................... |
| to differ ................................. | murder .............................................. |
dWrite down how the following words are formed and translate all the words into Russian:
| exhibition .............................. | emanation....................... |
| punishment | dangerous...................... |
| electrocution ........................ | mutilated........................ |
| description ........................... | cruelty ............................ |
eMatch the synonyms:
f Group the following words from the box into four or five logical groups:
Exhibition, crime, mass-murderer, to drown, to conceal bodies, gallery, punishment, ripper, guillotine, gruesome souvenirs, to stalk one's prey, gallows, death masks, torn and twisted body, garrotte, portrait or figure, to be brought to justice, sinister doll, criminal, guillotine blade, prisoner, acid-bath murderer, to behead, to face a hail of bullets, to kill
| Group | ||||
g Add as many nouns as possible to the following adjectives:
the most visited..city, museum, theatre.........
the best known........................... dangerous....................................
rogues.......................................... contemporary..............................
gruesome..................................... striking.........................................
mutilated of.................................. horrible.........................................
well-insured................................ notorious......................................
h Choose the correct preposition:
| to be brought for / to justice to dispose of/with smth smirk of/in cruelty to arrive in /at England to strike the heart with / in woe and desolation | to lean on /over smb to belong with /to smb to be on /in display in /at Madame Tussaud's to be born in/to Germany |
i Translate into English using the following words:
It seems to me, to differ
1 Мне кажется, они очень от- ......................................................
личаются друг от друга.
2 Мне кажется, они совсем не ......................................................
отличаются друг от друга.
3 Мне кажется, они отличают- ......................................................
ся во всем.
To be alike
1 Эти преступники похожи ......................................................
друг на друга.
2 Два брата совсем не были ......................................................
похожи друг на друга.
3 Они похожи друг на друга?
To be very much like smb
1 Он очень похож на своего ......................................................
брата.
2 Она очень похожа на свою ..................................................
мать.
3 Мне кажется, она похожа на.....................................................
вас.
To look like smb/smth
1 Внешне она похожа на брата. ........................................................
2 Внешне она не похожа на .........................................................
своих родителей.
3 Внешне это было похоже на .........................................................
убийство.
k Make sentences of your own with the following words and expressions:
dangerous and evil criminals............................................................................................................................
to be brought to justice.....................................................................................................................................
to stalk the prey................................................................................................................................................
to conceal the body..........................................................................................................................................
to have a likeness............................................................................................................................................
to meet one's end in/ by..................................................................................................................................
a modern prison block....................................................................................................................................
to strike the heart with woe and desolation....................................................................................................
§ Discussion in class
I Be ready to discuss with your group-mates the following topics:
Murderers and punishment
§ Death penalty
m Have a look at this picture showing two famous persons at Madam Tussaud's.
Say what you think about: