Это важные новости. Когда вы их получили?

2 Она дала очень сомнительные показания. Неужели вы верите им?

3 – Где он спрятал деньги?

4 – Я думаю, никто не найдет их.

5 Это вполне надежная информация.

6 Полиция находится совсем неподалеку.

7 Присяжные находятся в комнате 23.

8 Все присяжные уже собрались.

b Write a few short sentences of your own with the following words and word combinations:

important information...........................................................................

financial news.......................................................................................

friendly advice......................................................................................

lack of evidence...................................................................................

lack of money.......................................................................................

с Complete the following sentences:

1 Police believe.......................................................................................

2 The jury think.......................................................................................

Adjectives

N о t e . It is a longer period.

It is amore important question.

It is a most important question.

It is the most important question we have ever discussed.

§ Exercises

a Translate the following into English:

меньшая группа ...a smaller group.........................................................................................................

более крупная сумма...............................................................................................................................

самый значительный факт из ее биографии.........................................................................................

наиважнейший документ........................................................................................................................

более серьезное преступление................................................................................................................

менее серьезное наказание......................................................................................................................

более убедительное показание................................................................................................................

bHere is the list of punishments for crimes in the UK:

capital punishment – life imprisonment – community service order – probation – fine – suspended sentence – corporal punishment – imprisonment

Put the punishments in the order you think proper on the word ladder be-. low, starting with the least serious and ending with the most serious. For example you may think that the least serious punishment is probation, followed by a fine, followed by a community service order:

с Make a few sentences about punishments for crimes in our country. You may start like this:

To my mind. The least serious punishment for crimes here is ....................

§ Tenses of Verbs

Note. Полное название времен: The Present Indefinite Tense, The Past Indefinite Tense и т.д. Общее количество времен, употребляемых в английском языке, 16.

Одним из важных также является The Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

I have been studying English for a few years.

Exercises

aUnderline the predicates, Write down in what Tenses the verbs are used and translate the sentences into Russian:

1 They often publish information on economic crimes. ...Pres. Ind..........................................................

2 I do not know when she will give evidence.............................................................................................

3 Do you believe all she has said?..............................................................................................................

4 The newspapers write he is staying in prison in Switzerland..................................................................

5 I'm sure he will make a good lawyer.......................................................................................................

6 Is he studying law at the University?.......................................................................................................

7 I have never been to any court, criminal or civil......................................................................................

b Answer a few questions about yourself:

с Open the brackets by using the verbs in the correct Tense forms:

1 As far as I remember Fyodor Plevako, a famous Russian lawyer, (to be) born in 1842. And he (to die) in 1909. Though some official sources (to say) he (to die) in 1908.

2 Anatoly Conie,another outstanding Russian lawyer, (to be) born in 1844 and he (to die) at the age of 83. In what year he (to die)?

d Have a look at this picture. Say what you see in it using the following:

I see ...

There are ....

They are speaking ....

They are discussing ....

Maybe some time ago ....

Imagine you are a pedestrian who witnessed this accident. Say what exactly happened.

eHave a look at these two pictures and answer the following questions:

fTranslate the following sentences into English, using the Present Perfect Continuous Tenses:

1 Я читаю эту книгу уже неделю...............................................................................................................

2 Он находится в Лондоне с 5 сентября....................................................................................................

3 Я не знаю, сколько времени он находится в Париже............................................................................

4 Она выступает уже 40 минут...................................................................................................................

5 Они работают над текстом соглашения уже более десяти дней..........................................................

6 Если я не ошибаюсь, он переводит текст контракта уже три дня.......................................................

7 Насколько я знаю, они рассматривают претензию уже несколько дней ...........................................

gWrite down answers to the following questions:

h Have a look at the picture, use your imagination and answer the following questions:

§ The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses

Правила согласования времен действуют для дополнительных придаточных предложений: если в главном предложении глагол употребляется в прошедшем времени, то в придаточном глагол ставится в одном из прошедших времен:

1 Past Indefinite Tense – действие в придаточном предложении совпадает по времени с главным предложением:

I said I didn't know who the robber was.

2 Past Perfect Tense – действие в придаточном предложении предшествует действию в главном предложении:

They explained how they had planned the robbery.

3 Future In the Past Tense – действие в придаточном предложении следует за действием главного предложения:

They were sure they would find the robber.

В придаточных предложениях, начинающихся с вопросительных слов, используется прямой порядок слов:

Не asked the secretary why the mail had not been sent.

§ Exercises

aUnderline the verbs in the object clauses, write down the Tenses in which they are used and translate the sentences into Russian:

1 He said he was a real estate agent......Past. Ind........................................................................

2 We were sure he had legated his house.....................................................................................

3 The man thought they would evade the law..............................................................................

4 He asked how many clauses there were in the Contract..........................................................

5 The officer inquired when the arson started.............................................................................

6 He wondered if the agreement had been signed.....................................................................

7 They wanted to know if the lawyers would take part in the negotiations................................

b Translate the following sentences into Russian using the Past Tenses:

1 Директор сказал, что контракт будет подписан через несколько дней.

2 Стороны решили, что внесут эти изменения позднее.

3 Он заверил, что дополнение уже составлено.

4 Я поинтересовался, подготовили ли они Протокол.

5 Он спросил, будет ли изменена процедура подписания.

6 Он официально заявил, что оба экземпляра имеют одинаковую, юридическую силу.

7 Я спросил, кто мне выдаст доверенность.

с Rewrite this dialogue between a police officer (PO) and a tenant (T) after the house had been burgled, in inderect speech:

PO:	Now you say you're not sure how the thieves got in. Before I look round, can I ask you a few questions about the house?	The police officer first inquired if he could ask the tenant a few questions.
T:	Of course.	The tenant answered........................................
PO:	Do you always lock the front door when you go out?	......................................................................... ..........................................................................
T:	Yes, and I definitely locked it yesterday	............................................................................
PO:	OK. What about the windows?	...........................................................................
T:	Well, the downstaires ones are always locked.	........................................................................... .............................................................................
PO:	And upstairs?	.............................................................................
T:	Well, I think most of the windows were probably locked.	............................................................................. .............................................................................
PO:	Are you sure?	................................................................................
T:	Yes, I checked them all because I knew we would be out all day.	.................................................................................. ..................................................................................
PO:	Well, I can't understand it. Let's go and look round. Perhaps I'll notice something you've missed.	................................................................................... ................................................................................... ....................................................................................

dHave a look at this picture and describe the episode. Write down a few sentences in indirect speech:

e Read this interview of a journalist with a local police authority and write it down in indirect speech:

– I have given money to a telemarketer and have not received anything, what do I do?

– Contact your local police agency and they can direct you to the correct reporting agency.

– Do the police work every case referred to them?

– In an ideal world probably. In a realistic world, it depends. Due to governmental cutbacks, cases have to be priortized. Cases which are of a high priority will more-than-likely be worked first. Some agencies have placed thresholds on the amount of loss incurred by the victim as to whether they work the case. In many cases, involving loss of money, civil action can be taken in small claims court to seek redress.

§ The Use of Tenses in When / If - clauses

§ Exercises

aUnderline the clauses and translate the following sentences into Russian:

1 Please don't touch anything until the police arrive.	Пожалуйста, ничего не трогайте, пока не приедет полиция............................................
2 If he breaks the rules he will be fined.	......................................................................... .........................................................................
3 As soon as you affix the statement the matter will be considered settled.	.......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................
4 We shall agree to your terms provided you agree to expedite delivery.	......................................................................... ......................................................................... .........................................................................
5 We shall compensate for your losses, if any, provided there is an appropriate clause in the Contract.	......................................................................... ......................................................................... ........................................................................
6 If the agreement is translated this week we shall be able to give a copy of it to you personally.	........................................................................ ........................................................................ ........................................................................
7 As soon as we find out their legal address we shall contact you.	........................................................................ .........................................................................

b Translate the following sentences into English, paying attention to the use of Tenses:

1 Если вы представите все необходимые документы, мы немедленно рассмотрим этот вопрос.

2 Как только мы получим новую инструкцию, мы направим вам копию.

3 Если у вас будут вопросы, пожалуйста, свяжитесь с нами.

4 Как только юристы завизируют Соглашение, мы передадим его вам на рассмотрение.

5 Если они увеличат плату за юридические услуги, мы обратимся к другим специалистам.

6 Если они понесут убытки, мы сможем компенсировать только часть этой суммы.

§ The Passive Voice

§ Exercises

aMake a few sentences from the following elements:

	the Constitution of the USA
As far as I know or	the Constitution of the RF
If I'rn not mistaken	the Bill of Rights the Criminal Code of the RF	was approved in...
	the Civil Code of the RF

bUnderline the verbs used in the Passive Voice, write down in what Tenses they are used and translate the sentences into Russian:

1 In English law a contract is formed when the offeree accepts the offer which the offerer has made. Pr. Ind. По английскому законодательству договор считается заключенным на момент, когда сторона-заказчик принимает предложение, сделанное исполнителем.

2 According to English law, people are innocent until they are proved guilty..................................................

3 All defendants are entitled to legal representation which will be provided free if they cannot pay for it.......

4 A burglar alarm has been installed in the apartment.......................................................................................

5 If he starts speaking the secret wilt be revealed..............................................................................................

6 He was caught red handed...............................................................................................................................

7 I asked him if the goods had been delivered in strict conformity with the Contract.......................................

8 It was understood that the police wanted to speak to Mr. Norton in connection with a number of his financial dealings.............................

сHave a look at the picture and say how the businessman was robbed:

d Open the brackets by using the verbs in the correct forms:

Yesterday evening, a black BMW (to steal) from outside the home of Mr. John Simpson. Mr. Simpson (to telephone) the police. Later that evening, the car (to see) in the High Street by Mr. Simpson's wife, Laura. It was outside the Red Lion Hotel. The keys were in the car, so she (to drive) it home! The police (to look) for a careless thief!

e Underline the verbs in the Passive Voice, and reproduce the text:

British criminal law

There are two forms, common law and statute law Common law is made up of general customs, some of which have been regarded as the laws in the land for centuries. Common law has grown up slowly through the ages, like the British Constitution. It is sometimes called unwritten law. However, much of common law has become statute law, that is to say, it has been put down in writing by Acts of Parliament. Murder still belongs to common law, while attempts to murder have become statute law.

§ The Complex Object

After the following verbs	Complex Object	Examples
to see to hear to make to let	somebody do (doinq) something	I saw him enter (entering) the building. Let me introduce my friend.
to allow to ask to tell to order to force to persuade to want to expect	somebody to do something	He ordered the man to drop the gun.

§ Exercises

a Translate the following sentences into English, paying attention to the use or non-use of the particle to before the Infinitives:

1 Они заставили его выплатить выкуп. ....................................................................................................

2 Обстоятельства заставили его задержаться в городе. ...........................................................................

3 Я сам слышал, что они хотят внести дополнение к этому контракту...................................................

4 Это позволит нам принять ваше предложение........................................................................................

5 Изменения сроков заставили нас исключить этот пункт из текста договора......................................

6 Все видели, как он выхватил сумочку из рук женщины.........................................................................

7 Мы видели, как его арестовали..................................................................................................................

b Have a look at the picture and say what you see in it:

с Write down the answers to the following questions:

N о t e : В русском языке в главном и придаточном предложениях употребляется одна и та же форма сослагательного наклонения: Я бы пошел на концерт, если бы вы пригласили меня.

§ Examples:

1 If you had informed the freight forwarder he would not have issued the document.

2 If the consignor had wanted to ship cigarettes from Poland to France he would have used the same scheme, to my mind.

3 If the consignor shipped tobacco he might have used the same tactics.

4 If I met an English customs official I would ask him a few questions about similar frauds.

§ Exercises

aUnderline the verbs in the principal clauses and translate the following sentences into Russian:

1 He would stay at home today if he were ill.

2 They would not have supported us even if we had them for help.

3 If I were you I would tell him the truth. Believe me, it would be much better. And you would feel better.

4 I saw him yesterday. If I had not I would not have learned the news.

b Complete the following sentences by opening the brackets and adding some necessary words:

1 If I were you... (to tell the truth)

2If I had seen him yesterday... (to deliver the goods)

3 If we had not signed this Contract last month... (to ask for advice)

4 We would refer the matter to arbitration... (not to observe the terms)

5 I would call the police if... (to threaten)

6 I would have been much confused... (to ask this question)

7 I would not have had the courage to intervene ... (to be present)

с Read and reproduce the following:

Punishment by hanging was abolished by law in England in 1969. There was a free vote in the House of Commons: 343 votes for abolishion and 185 against. The police would probably have voted against, yet the murder rate has hardly changed since 1969, as Englishmen stress.

d Have a look at the picture and say what you see in it.

Write down a few sentences about the possible thoughts of the two persons at that moment, like this:

The man: If I had shaved off my beard...

The policeman: If I had not seen...

§ The Modal Verbs

Note:

1 Вслед за модальным глаголом (за исключением глагола to be) употребляется инфинитив без частицы to