Lesson message significance conclusions implications

I'm sure the		to be drawn from this are	clear to all of us
	to be learned from this is
	of this are
	of this is
	here is

Exercise 8. a) Put these adjectives in the correct space in the table according to what kind of change they describe:

substantial	rapid	encouraging	slight	spectacular
disastrous	moderate	disappointing	steady	enormous

Big	Fast	Good
Small	Slow	Bad

b) Cross out the word which does not fit in the following sentences:

1) Passenger capacity increased disappointingly / steadily / tremendously / slightly.

2) Expenses on maintenance rose marginally / considerably / keenly / sharply.

3) The number of road accidents slumped rapidly / disastrously / suddenly / moderately.

4) The cost of domestic locomotives has fluctuated dramatically / wildly / gradually / enormously this year.

Exercise 9.Study the following words and word combinations, then read the presentation and say what vocabulary to describe a circular flow (figure 1) is used. Translate the text with the dictionary.

block – блок, часть

on the left – слева

on the right – справа

on the top – наверху

at the bottom – внизу

to label – обозначать

the inner loop– внутренний круг (кольцо)

the outer loop – внешний круг (кольцо)

arrow – стрелка

Start with two blocks. The one on the left should be labeled “households”, and the one on the right “firms”. On the top of the inner loop, circle, put “goods and services”, with an arrow running from the firms block to the households block. At the bottom of the inner loop put “services of productive factors”, with an arrow running from households to firms On the outer loop at the top, put “spending on goods and services”, with an arrow running from households to firms. And finally, at the bottom of the outer loop, put “factor incomes”, with an arrow running from firms to households.

Fig. 1

Exercise 10.Read the following texts without the dictionary. Notice the use of pie charts and graphs. Check the time of reading.

A. Having It All: How a shift Toward Balance affected CPAs and Firms

Ten years ago, many Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) would have considered any emphasis on issues such as work/life balance and women’s initiatives overly trendy. Today, these concerns are viewed as mission-critical by a profession that believes people are its primary competitive advantage. To meet the challenge of attracting and retaining enough qualified professionals to serve a growing array of client needs, CPA firms have focused on providing both opportunity and balance.

The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) work/life and women’s initiatives executive committee surveyed public accounting firms and professionals to gauge the progress being made on theses issues in 1994, 1997, and 2000. Responses to last year’s survey suggested three trends:

1) Women CPAs continue to advance at a slow rate within firms and are outnumbered by men in all areas of firm management.

2) Firms are offering more flexible work options to allow professional staff to balance their professional and personal lives.

3) Changes in the profession, including the expanding role of technology, have presented new challenges and opportunities for public accounting professionals.

Advancement/Upward Mobility

Women represented approximately 40% of the full-time professionals at firms responding to the 2000 survey. There were more women than in the past, at the partner, principal, director and stuff levels and about the same number at the senior manager, manager and senior level. Despite gains, only 15 % of female CPAs were partners, principals, directors or senior managers, compared with 41% of their male colleagues (see figure 2). Firms reported that females held 10% to 30% of all senior management positions – as regional partners, office managing partners or practice directors – up from 6% to 24% in 1997. The majority of women in senior management positions were at firms with less than 20 AICPA members.

Despite improvement in the percentages of women in higher positions, most worked at the staff, senior/supervisor and manager levels. With women representing more than half of the graduating accounting students, entry-level staff positions showed gender balance. The survey revealed while a greater number of women were being promoted, most of those promoted at the senior level continued to be men.