В.Г. Смоленцева, Ю.В. Кожухова, В.А. Шахова

Учебно-методическое пособие

(часть I)

Москва

Издательство Российского университета дружбы народов

Утверждено РИС Ученого совета

Российского университета дружбы народов

Смоленцева В.Г., Кожухова Ю.В., Шахова В.А./ Учебно-методическое пособие. Английский язык: Учеб.пособие, – М.: Изд-во РУДН, 2016. – с.

Пособие предназначено для студентов среднего и продвинутого этапов обучения факультета физико-математических и естественных наук. При составлении пособия использовались аутентичные материалы англоязычной прессы, аудио и видео материалы (The New York Times, The Financial Times, BBC, Science Daily)

Смоленцева В.Г., Кожухова Ю.В., Шахова В.А.,

Российский университет дружбы народов, Издательство, 2016

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Настоящий учебно-методическое пособие (часть I) представляет собой сборник упражнений по темам Ways into technology, Food and agriculture, Bridges and tunnels, Plastics, Alternative energy, Aeronautics.

Данное пособие предназначен для студентов среднего и продвинутого этапов обучения, а также для всех желающих повысить свой языковой уровень посредством изучения дополнительной лексики на базе дополнительных текстов, аудио и видео материалов на темы, изучаемые в учебном пособии.

Пособие составлено для облегчения усвоения материала и обогащения словарного запаса студентов с последующим выводом в речь этого материала.

Все упражнения имеют коммуникативную направленность и являются стимулом к речевому действию.

Каждый раздел содержит коммуникативные задания двух видов:

1. задания, направляющие речевую деятельность обучаемых, так как при этих заданиях выбор и употребление языковых средств и линия речевого поведения определяются самими обучаемыми, что способствует тренировке лексического материала и практике общения на иностранном языке;

2. задания, способствующие развитию навыков письменной речи.

Правильно и четко сформулированные задания организуют внутренние мотивы говорения на иностранном языке, так как активизация обучения начинается с осознанного восприятия аутентичных текстов с последующим выводом в речь изученного материала.

CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………….…….3

Unit 1

Ways into technology…..….…....……………6

Unit 2 Food and agriculture ……….…….…………12

Unit 3 Bridges and tunnels…….……………………20

Unit 4 Plastics ……………………….……………...28

Unit 5 Alternative energy…….....…………………..35

Unit 6 Aeronautics ………………………………….42
Unit 1

Ways into Technology

Part I

Technology 2 Unit 1 Academic Skills Unit1 BBC6minenglish Youth unemployment crisis The Teenager brain Reading the classics

Startup

А. Discuss the following questions:

1. How different is the world of work and training for young

people today? Is the way that students learn nowadays

different from the past?

1. Do students have more opportunities now compared to the past?

2. Do you think written exams are out-of-date? Why/why not?

Vocabulary

A. Learn the following words:

to do/to conduct/pursue research in (in the field) [rɪ'sɜːʧ] - проводить исследования

course [kɔːs] - курс (лекций, обучения)

to do (to take) a course in system design - освоить курс по системному проектированию

courses range from … to - курсы варьируются от … до

to offer courses in science and in the humanities - предлагать курсы по естественным и гуманитарным наукам

the course takes three years to complete - курс изучается в течении трех лет

to focus on smth ['fəukəs] - сосредоточиваться; концентрироваться на чем-либо

to specialize in smth ['speʃ(ə)laɪz] - специализироваться (в чём-л., на чём-л.)

experience [ɪk'spɪərɪən(t)s] - опыт, опыт работы, стаж работы

to acquire/gain/gather/get experience from [ɪk'spɪərɪən(t)s] - научиться на опыте

to know by/to know from experience - знать что-либо по опыту

to have 3 years’ experience in the job - иметь трехлетний опыт такой работы

to offer a wide career choice for smb (a wide range of vocational qualification) [kə'rɪə ʧɔɪs] - предлагать широкий карьерный выбор (набор профессиональных квалификаций)

to combine [kəm'baɪn] - сочетать, объединять

skills [skɪlz] - навыки, умение, практический опыт

communication skills - навыки общения

work skills - трудовые навыки

computer skills - знания компьютеров, опыт работы на компьютере

to acquire a skill [ə'kwaɪə] - приобретать умение, приобретать навык

to be skilled in - быть сведущим в определенной области

to demonstrate/display/show knowledge of a subject - обнаруживать знания по какому-либо предмету

information on smth [ˌɪnfə'meɪʃ(ə)n] - информация, сообщения, сведения

to furnish/give/offer/provide information - предоставлять, давать информацию

to work for (with) a company ['kʌmpənɪ] - работать на (с) организацией, компанией

to conduct/do a study - проводить исследование

to complete one’s studies - завершать учёбу

to go on to further study at university ['fɜːðə] - продолжать обучение в университете

to last [lɑːst] - продолжаться, тянуться, длиться

to obtain [əb'teɪn] - получать, добывать, приобретать

conventional [kən'ven(t)ʃ(ə)n(ə)l] - обычный, обыкновенный, традиционный; общепринятый

tutor ['tjuːtə] - руководитель группы (в университете)

tutorials [tjuː'tɔːrɪəl] - консультация, встреча с руководителем (в колледже или университете)

to require smth [rɪ'kwaɪə] - приказывать, требовать, нуждаться

to be aware of /that [ə'wɛə] - знать, сознавать, отдавать себе полный отчёт

to benefit from ['benɪfɪt] - извлекать пользу, выгоду из чего-либо

to be available [ə'veɪləbl] - доступный, имеющийся в наличии

the information is available to anyone - информация доступна всем

to take advantage of smth [əd'vɑːntɪʤ] - воспользоваться чем-л., использовать что-либо в своих интересах

to take into account [ə'kaunt] - принимать во внимание, в расчёт

my major ['meɪʤə] is - моя профилирующая дисциплина (в колледже), дисциплина, выбранная в качестве специализации

our department offers a major in chemistry - наше отделение предлагает специализацию по химии

to major in - специализироваться по какому-либо предмету, в какой-либо области

are you majoring in visual programming? - твоя специализация - визуальное программирование?

а minor ['maɪnə] - непрофилирующая дисциплина, факультативный курс

to minor in - обучаться по непрофилирующим дисциплинам; прослушивать факультативный курс, изучать предмет второй специализации

to maintain [meɪn'teɪn] - поддерживать, сохранять, обслуживать, содержать в исправности.

to assess [ə'ses] - оценивать, давать оценку

assessment [ə'sesmənt] - оценка, оценивание (качества, эффективности)

to grade [greɪd] - ставить оценку (работе, студенту)

a grade (grades) - отметка, оценка

to make out / give grades - ставить оценки

to get / receive a grade - получать оценку

average grades - средний балл

excellent grade - отличная оценка, высший балл

failing grade - низкая, плохая оценка

passing grade (d) - посредственно, удовлетворительно, но ниже среднего уровня

apprenticeship [ə'prentɪsʃɪp] - профессиональное обучение без отрыва от производства

Reading

Text 1

B. Read the article.

C. Answer the questions.

1. Why is higher education in the US of the highest quality?

2. Is it possible to find a school that suits everyone’s needs?

3. What opportunities do American universities provide their students with?

4. What skills does studying for a US degree provide a student with?

5. Are the credentials a US education provides students with immediately recognized by multinational corporations?

Discussion

Revision

1. Sum up the information on three ways to a career in technology. Say a few words about the advantages and the disadvantages of these three ways. What route appeals to you the most?

2. What course are you doing at university? What career opportunities do you expect to get after graduating from university?

3. Is it difficult to settle into university social and academic life? What might help you do it?

Part II

Bbclearningenglish.com

Bbc6minenglish

Youth unemployment crisis.

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary, read and translate them.

- challenge

- trifle

- raven

- bleak picture

- to be detached from

- forecast

- to drop out

- marginalized

- evidence

- to exclude

- to urge

- to encourage

- temporary job

The Teenage brain.

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary read and translate them.

- prefrontal cortex

- cerebral cortex

- limbic system

- detention

- embarrassment

- to swing

- adolescence

- rewarding

- to worry about

- to inhibit

- to get a kick out of something

Reading the classics.

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary, read and translate them.

-to announce

- to manage

- passionate

- to feel exited

- to pick

- bite

- chunk

- advertisement

- chapter

Part III

Academic Skills

Unit I

Learning and intelligence

Tasks:

1. How to be a successful student –p.4-5

2. Intelligence and learning- p.5-7

3. Assessing study habits –p.8
Unit 2

Food and Agriculture

PartI

Technology 2 Unit II Academic Skills Unit 1I, IV BBC6minenglish UK’s first healthy pizza Genetically modified cows Science Daily Bacteria smoking habit

Start up

A. Discuss the following questions:

1. What are the arguments for and against genetically engineered food? What do you think about it?

2. Can genetically engineered food solve the problem of hunger in the world?

Vocabulary:

Reading

Text 1

A. Answer these questions before reading the article:

1. What are the ways to a healthy life?

2. Have there been huge improvements in the quality and longevity of life for the past 40 years?

B. Read the text.

D. Answer the questions.

1. Why will one of two children born today in developing countries be able to celebrate his 100^th birthday?

2. What factors influence the growing number of deaths?

3. What happens when people migrate to cities and gain access to more goods and services?

4. How did industrialized countries respond to tobacco”s threat?

5. What was the initiative of New York and Denmark to solve the problem of unhealthy diets?

Text 2

A. Read the article.

McDonald’s defends Ronald as ‘ambassador for good’

Jim Skinner, McDonald’s chief executive, forcefully defended the company’s marketing practices on Thursday, denying the hamburger chain was pushing unhealthy food on children.

McDonald’s has been under renewed pressure to overhaul advertising in the wake of a US government proposal last month asking food companies to curb marketing that entices children with products high in saturated fat, trans fat, sugars and sodium. On Wednesday, more than 600 health institutions and professionals signed a letter published in US newspapers urging McDonald’s to drop campaigns including the Ronald McDonald clown.

“Ronald McDonald is going nowhere,” Mr Skinner told shareholders at the company’s annual meeting. “[He] is an ambassador of McDonald’s and he is an ambassador for good.”

Corporate Accountability International, a watchdog group, has been leading the campaign against McDonald’s. At the meeting, the group helped propose a resolution that would require McDonald’s to undertake a study to assess its “health footprint” and the costs of its marketing that is targeted at children.

“Advertising is at the heart of McDonald’s business model, with annual expenditures reaching $2bn,” the group wrote in its letter. “Marketing can no longer be ignored as a significant part of this massive problem.” The resolution garnered just 6 per cent approval from McDonald’s shareholders.

Dr Donald Ziegler, of the American Medical Association, told Mr Skinner at the meeting: “McDonald’s and its competitors have stolen a page from Big Tobacco’s and Big Alcohol’s playbook when it comes to the marketing of a dangerous product to children. How similar are Joe Camel, the Marlboro Man, Spud McKinsey or Ronald McDonald?”

Mr Skinner noted the philanthropic work that McDonald’s does through the Ronald McDonald charity and maintained that the company is offering choices to its customers, not forcing them to eat unhealthy food.

В.Г. Смоленцева, Ю.В. Кожухова, В.А. Шахова - student2.ru

McDonald’s has been promoting healthier options including salads, oatmeal and fruit smoothies, but critics remain unsatisfied.

In spite of promises that Ronald McDonald will remain central to McDonald’s, analysts and investors have noticed the mascot is less prominent in some of its advertising and in its remodelled restaurants.

Asked why the clown had been absent from recent shareholder meetings, Mr Skinner said he was busy doing noble work and could not make it in through thickets of protesters.

to defend - защищать

to be under pressure ['preʃə] - оказывать нажим на …

advertising - реклама

to curb [kɜːb] - обуздывать

customer – покупатель, клиент

to promote - продвигать

option - опция, выбор

forge [fɔːdʒ] - создавать, скреплять, ковать, подделывать

to maintain - поддерживать

B. Retell the article.

Text 3

A. Read the article.

Public wants labels for food nanotech -- and they're willing to pay for it

New research from North Carolina State University and the University of Minnesota finds that people in the United States want labels on food products that use nanotechnology -- whether the nanotechnology is in the food or is used in food packaging. The research also shows that many people are willing to pay more for the labeling.

"We wanted to know whether people want nanotechnology in food to be labeled, and the vast majority of the participants in our study do," says Dr. Jennifer Kuzma, senior author of a paper on the research and Goodnight-Glaxo Wellcome Distinguished Professor of Public Administration at NC State. "Our study is the first research in the U.S. to take an in-depth, focus group approach to understanding the public perception of nanotechnology in foods."

The researchers convened six focus groups -- three in Minnesota and three in North Carolina -- and gave study participants some basic information about nanotechnology and its use in food products. Participants were then asked a series of questions addressing whether food nanotechnology should be labeled. Participants were also sent a follow-up survey within a week of their focus group meeting.

Study participants were particularly supportive of labeling for products in which nanotechnology had been added to the food itself, though they were also in favor of labeling products in which nanotechnology had only been incorporated into the food packaging.

However, the call for labeling does not indicate that people are necessarily opposed to the use of nanotechnology in food products. For example, many study participants indicated support for the use of nanotechnology to make food more nutritious or to give it a longer shelf life -- but they still wanted those products to be labeled.

"People do have nuanced perspectives on this," Kuzma says. "They want labeling, but they also want access to reliable, research-based information about the risks associated with labeled products -- such as a Food and Drug Administration website offering additional information about labeled products."

The researchers also found that about 60 percent of the study participants who responded to the follow-up survey were willing to pay an additional 5 to 25 percent of the product price for either nanotechnology-free products or for nanotechnology labeling.

Story Source:

The above post is reprinted from materials provided by North Carolina State University

Revision

1. Dwell on a healthy life style.

2. Should producers provide their consumers with more detailed information on the ingredients contained in their goods?

3. Should officials set strict requirements for food producers and implement penalties against producers who don’t meet these requirements?

4. Dwell on modern technologies used in agriculture( precision agriculture, technology used in food production)

Part II

Bbclearningenglish.com

Bbc6minenglish

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary read and translate them.

- takeaway food

- treat

- junk food

- warning

-to be nutritionally balanced

- saturated fat

- nutrients

- to identify

- seaweed

- to be hidden

- gap in the market

- to take advantage of smth

Genetically modified cows.

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary read and translate them.

- allergy

- fever

- mild

- to be common

- to launch

- tissues

- to catch diseases

- to damage

- culprit

- to be altered

- to be harmful

- protein

- to be spectacular

- to interfere with

- to be available

- side effect

Part III

Academic Skills

Unit II

Health and Fitness

Tasks:

1. Healthy alternatives–p.12-13

2. Healthy body, healthy mind- p.14-15

3. Organizing a presentation–p.16

4. Introducing a presentation-p.17

Unit IV

Issues of agriculture

Tasks:

1. Feed the world-p. 28-31

Part IV

Science Daily (video)

Bacteria smoking habits

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary, read and translate them.

- bacterial

- enzyme

- carbon

- nitrogen

- to quit

- to alter

Unit III

Bridges and Tunnels

Part I

Technology 2 Unit III Academic Skills Unit IV BBC6minenglish Is there more world to explore? What is dark tourism? Booking holidays online Science Daily Meccano Bridge The Future of Travel

Start up

A. Discuss the following questions:

1. What are the places that you would like to visit?

2 .Do you think that our desire to visit exotic places can

destroy them? Give reasons.

11 of the world's most incredible bridges
http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/27/architecture/spectacular-new-bridges-that-break-the-mold/index.html

Vocabulary

Reading

Text 1

A. Read the article.

Record Number of Tourists

Five million foreign tourists have visited Moscow this year, setting a new record for the capital.

The Mayer announced the record-breaking figure Wednesday at a meeting with heads of diplomatic missions in Moscow, adding that city authorities would continue to develop the capital’s tourist infrastructure, Interfax reported.

Among recent achievements, the Mayer pointed out that the second stage of a new passenger terminal for international and domestic flights was opened at Vnukovo Airport.

The mayor assured foreign guests that next year tourists would have “more reasons to visit Moscow,” and he invited guests to visit the world track and field championship, to be held in Moscow next summer.

/The MoscowTimes/

authorities [ɔː'θɔrɪtɪz] - власти

mayor [meə] - мэр

B. Answer these questions:

1. How many tourists have visited Moscow this year?

2. What are the city authorities to do to attract more tourists to Moscow? What have they done yet?

Text 2

A.Read the text.

London’s bridges

B. Answer the questions.

a) London Bridge

1. What was the first bridge across the River Thames?

2. Why was it rebuilt many rimes?

3. When was London Bridge built in stone?

4. What was it famous for?

5. When was the present London Bridge opened?

b) Westminster Bridge

1. Why do tourists like to take photographs on Westminster Bridge?

2. When was the first bridge completed?

3. What did William Wordsworth write about Westminster Bridge?

4. What colour is it, and why?

c) Albert Bridge in Chelsea

1. When was Albert Bridge built?

2. Who was it named after?

3. Why was it nicknamed “The Trembling Lady”?

4. Has it ever been replaced?

Text 3

A. Read the article.

Discussion

Writing

Revision

1. Sum up the information on four main types of bridges.

2. Dwell on London’s famous bridges.

3. Say a few words about the bridges/buildings that impressed you the most.

4. Dwell on the development of tourism in Russia.

Part II

Bbclearningenglish.com

Bbc6minenglish

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary read and translate them.

- to explore

- to seek out

- to circumnavigate

- to be inquisitive

- uncharted territory

- tribes

- judgments

- priority

- to keep doing smth

- wanderlust

- generation

- to venture into space

Booking holidays online?

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary read and translate them.

- to be misleading

-cozy

- to be controversial

- profit

- to increase

- bargain

- hidden cost

- priority

- to be obvious

- administration charges

-payments

- commitment

- anticipating

- to withdraw

- consumer

- round-trip

- purchase

-to be deceptive

- to be upfront

What is dark tourism?

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary read and translate them.

- entertainment

- brutality

- destination

- curious

- significance

- sinister

- morbid fascination

- macabre sites

- to be compelled to do smth

- ethics

-exploiting

- tasteful

Part III

Academic Skills

Unit VI

History and Heritage

Tasks:

1. What is “World Heritage”?–p.44-45

2. Conserving a historical site- p.46

3. Concluding your presentation–p.49

Part IV

Science Daily (video)

Meccano Bridge

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary, read and translate them.

- meccano

- to set a record

- to construct

Science Daily (video)

The future of travel

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary, read and translate them.

- hyper loop

- to brake ground

- to hover

- low pressure

- resistance

- cutting-edge technology

UNIT 4

Plastics

Part I

Technology 2 Unit IV Academic Skills Unit V, Unit IX BBC6minenglish: Plastic pollution Science Daily: Plastic

Startup

A. Discuss the following questions:

1. What are the three shocking environmental catastrophes that you have heard or read about in media recently?

2. Do you think financial penalties are a way to stop such incidents? Why?/Why not?

3. Do you think people should be concerned about the world’s environmental problem?

Vocabulary:

Reading

Text 1

A. Read the article.

C. Answer the questions.

1. Who discovered the “Great Pacific Garbage Patch”?

2. What territory does the “GPGP” cover?

3. When did Mr. Moor, a former sailor, come across the sea of waste?

4. What did he warn people about?

5. What problem can plastic debris cause?

Discussion

Writing.

A. Complete these sentences with appropriate prepositions:

1. Sales have increased α 5m …. α 7m

2. Sales have increased α 3m

3. There has been an increase α 3m in our sales

4. Sales reached a peak α 5million in July

5. Sales reached a low point α 1m in April

Revision.

1. Dwell on the history and properties of plastics

2. Speak on different packaging technologies and their advantages.

3. Dwell on environmental catastrophes caused by plastics and name some measures that can be used to tackle the problem.

Part II

Bbclearningenglish.com

Bbc6minenglish

Plastic pollution.

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary read and translate them.

- garbage patch

- rubbish

- to throw away

- to be frightening

- litter

- fishing nets

- biodegradable

- to be discarded

- to pick up

Part III

Academic Skills

Unit V

Graphics

Tasks:

1.Presenting results- p.41

Unit IX

Graphics

Tasks:

1.Presenting results- p.72

Part IV

Science Daily (video)

Plastic

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary, read and translate them.

- garbage

- to be equivalent to

- to dump

- to overweigh

- marine life

- to cut down

- to encourage

- sustainability

- incentives

Unit 5

Alternative energy

Part I

Technology 2 Unit IV Academic Skills Unit IV(biofuel) BBC6minenglish Cycling for food Science Daily Plant Energy

Start up

A. Discuss the following questions:

1. What forced government and companies to make scientist find alternative sources of energy from renewable resources?

2. What are the main sources of alternative energy?

Vocabulary:

Reading

Text 1

A. Read the article:

Text 2

A. Read the article.

Ambitious Wind Farm

A scheme to build massive wind farms in Russia's Arctic northwest and sell the resulting electricity to Europe could kick-start the country's renewable energy industry.

The plan, dubbed RUSTEC, would see dozens of onshore wind farms built across the Murmansk region and plugged into a "power bridge" carrying the energy into the European grid via Norway or Finland.

It is the brainchild of the International Finance Organization, the branch of the World Bank Group that provides private sector financing for global development.

Supporters of the plan argue that low production costs and unusually high winds in the Russian Far North will produce efficiencies that actually make electricity generated there cheaper than renewable energy produced in Europe.

"I was inspired by DESERTEC — the plan to build solar stations in the Sahara desert in northwest Africa and transmit electricity to Southern Europe. I thought, why solar power from Africa, why not wind power in Russia?" said Patrick Willems, the project manager of the IFC's program to develop renewable energy in Russia.

Willems argued that onshore wind farms in places like the Murmansk region can generate more energy than expensive offshore plants in Europe. He added that, as Europe looks to meet its ambitious energy targets, it will pay handsomely for Russian wind power.

The EU is meant to reduce its greenhouse gases by 20 percent and bring renewable sources to 20 percent of its energy generation by 2020, while Germany has a target of going 80 percent renewable by 2050.

The Arctic wind power scheme is a bold vision but experts believe that, given Russia's current state of renewable energy, it is a long way from even making it off the drawing board.

Wind and other renewable investors remain "early Christians," as Igor Arkhipov, deputy head of the long-term development department at a the Federal Grid Company, dryly observed at last week's forum.

"If this was about oil and gas, we'd have to rent a stadium," he noted, looking around the 70 or so guests.

There are currently only a handful of operating wind farms in Russia. The largest, which has a capacity of 5.1 megawatts and is located in the Kaliningrad region, is operating only at 4.7 megawatts, said Anatoly Kopylov, vice president of the Russian Wind Energy Association, which represents both Russian and foreign wind energy firms. Of the others, they are generally either "not operating or not promising," he said.

The second largest, a 2 megawatt project in Chukotka, is currently out of operation though it did quite well — until it had to compete with the traditional gas-fired stations that also provide municipal heating.

"Heat is so important there that they tend to dominate the electricity market too," Kopylov said.

The Russian government has set a target of generating 4.5 percent of the country's energy from renewables by 2020. That is now widely believed to be impossible to achieve, and the target may be slashed to a more manageable 2.5 percent.

There are signs of progress, however. Deputy Energy Minister Anton Inyutsyn said draft decrees to clarify the legal status of renewables should be ready for publication by the end of the year. That should address a long-standing complaint amongst would-be wind entrepreneurs that the law simply ignored their technology and make it easier for them to hook up to the grid.

"I can say that — for want of a better word — a 'preliminary' agreement between government and business over the shape of the renewable market has already been agreed," said Kopylov, who has consulted on the draft decrees.

According to Kopylov, the law will not copy the European model of higher feed-in tariffs for renewable electricity to cover the higher costs of alternative energy generation. Instead the government will set a quota for renewable energy to be fed into the national grid each year. Alternative generators would then bid to supply a proportion of that quota and the government would sign contracts with the lowest bidders.

Given all this, RUSTEC seems impossibly ambitious — though Willems says he expects a feasibility study to be ready by the end of the year.

The Murmansk region, meant to be the epicenter of project, is currently devoid of wind energy — although Dutch firm Windlife is currently metering the wind at potential sites there.

low production cost - низкая стоимость производства

efficiency [ɪ'fɪʃ(ə)n(t)sɪ, ə-] - эффективность, производительность

to argue - спорить, дебатировать

to meet the target – достичь цели

to mean – иметь значение

handful - немного

capacity [kə'pæsətɪ] - мощность

to compete - конкурировать

to tend to do smth – склоняться к ч.-л.

to achieve - достичь

to complain - жаловаться

B. Answer the questions.

1. What project could start the country’s renewable energy industry?

2. In what region does Russia plan to build onshore wind farms?

3. Why could this project become beneficial for Russia?

4. What conditions will make this type of electricity cheaper than renewable energy produced in Europe?

5. Are there many operating wind farms in Russia?

6. Is it possible to achieve the target of generating 4.5 percent of the country`s energy from renewable sources by 2020?

Discussion

Revision

1. Dwell on alternative energy sources (their advantages and disadvantages).

2. Dwell on biofuels.

3. Speak on Russia’s project to build massive wind farms in the Arctic region. Why can this project become beneficial for Russia?

Part II

Bbclearningenglish.com

Bbc6minenglish

Cycling for food

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary read and translate them.

- free meal

-roughly

- average

- public stunt

-gimmick

- to concede

- light bulbs

- to encourage

- apparently

- investment

- to boast

- to generate

Part III

Academic Skills

Unit IV

Biofuel

Tasks:

1. Biofuel –pros and cons–p.32

Part IV

Science Daily (video)

Plant Energy

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary, read and translate them.

- biocircuit

- to harness

- to charge

- to power

- to be desperate

- frustration

- to encourage

- sustainability

- incentives

Unit 6

Aeronautics

Part I

Technology 2 Unit VI Academic Skills Unit7(Airports) BBC6minenglish One- way ticket to Mars Science Daily High space Elevator

Start up

A. Discuss the following questions:

1. Do people in Russia prefer to travel by airplanes or trains?

2. What was your worst experience when travelling by air?

B. Put the following in order of importance to you when you travel:comfort, safety, price, reliability, speed.

Vocabulary:

Reading

Text 1

A. Read the article:

C. Answer the questions.

1. Are flight tickets becoming more affordable?

2. Are government subsidies for economy-class rail tickets increasing or decreasing?

3. Why is rail travel losing its market share?

4. What measures does the Transportation Ministry plan to undertake to promote the Russian aviation industry?

5. How does the Russian rail industry plan to make rail travel more attractive?

6. What advantages would trains have against regional airlines?

Text 2

A. Read the article:

Text 3

A. Read the article.

Discussion

Revision

1. Dwell on the current situation in the Russian aviation and rail industry.

2. Speak on the measures our authorities are undertaking to improve safety records in the Russian aviation industry.

3. Speak on an advanced aircraft design.

4. Say a few words about different jobs air traffic controllers do.

Part II

Bbclearningenglish.com

Bbc6minenglish

One-way ticket to Mars

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary read and translate them.

- one-way trip

- permanent

- commitment

- to recruit

- smart

- to be healthy both physically and mentally

- to be calm

- to be inventive

- to mention

- audience

- mission

- at some point

Part III

Academic Skills

Unit VII

Part IV

Science Daily (video)

High space Elevator

A. Work on vocabulary.

1. Look up the meaning and pronunciation of the following words in a dictionary, read and translate them.

- inflatable

- to propel

- to be efficient

- to solve

- to launch

- to eliminate

- to cut cost

Appendix I

Writing a summary.

Developing paragraphs.

When you write a paragraph, everything in the paragraph should be connected to one main idea.

This main idea is usually given in a topic sentence, which is often the first sentence of a paragraph. All other details in the paragraph are there to support this main point. These supporting details are usually in the form of examples, explanations, or it can be a concluding sentence. Sometimes it makes the transition to the topic of the next paragraph.

Definition paragraphs.

In academic writing it is important to define any terms clearly, especially when the definition isn’t agreed upon or there are multiple meanings of a word. You may also need to provide definitions for difficult or confusing terms. In essays, definitions are often expanded into a paragraph to help make it clear to the reader what you mean. Typical ways of extending definitions are the following: to give examples, to give further details, to move from general to specific, and to discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of the thing being defined.

Using statistics.

When writing in certain subject areas such as science, business and economics, using statistics support your ideas and makes them stronger. While you are researching a topic, make a note of any statistics that support your main points. Choose the strongest ones and use them as supporting details in your article. If some of the points are related, you can organize them into a chart or graph.

References

1. David Cotton, David Falvey, Simon Kent Market Leader: Business English: Pre-Intermediate: Course Book - 160 с. Longman Group UK Limited, Pearson Education Limited

2. Nick Brieger, Alison Pohl Technical English: Vocabulary and Grammar Heinle Cengage Learning, 2002

3. Santiago Remacha Esteras, Elena Marco Fabre Professional English in Use: ICT Cambridge University Press, 2010

4. Sarah Cunningham, Peter Moor New Cutting Edge Upper-Intermediate Student's book Pearson Longman

5. Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley “Enterprise 3” Express Publishing, 2000.

6. The Moscow Times

7. The New York Times

8. The Financial Times

9. Science Daily(video)

10. BBC6minenglish(audio)