III. Make up your own sentences using the words from the vocabulary of the text.

IV. Answer the following questions using the information from the text:

1. What is a loader?

2. How is a loader also known?

3. Define the functions of a loader.

4. Can you name any models of large loaders?

5. Do you know the largest loader in the world?

6. A loader is an efficient machine for digging, isn’t it?

7. Where are loaders used?

8. What is the difference between a standard tractor and a loader?

V. Paraphrase the sentences using Complex Object. Make all the necessary changes:

Model 1: People know that he is an honest man. People know him to be an honest man.

1. I know that she has an interest in the company. 2. I believe that she isn't guilty. 3.1 found that the job was very challenging. 4. I imagine that he works very hard. 5. We didn't expect that he would arrive by plane. 6. The patient wanted that the doctor examined him. 7. He wished that the specialist cured him of his illness. 8. Do you mean that he should bring his girlfriend to the party? 9. I didn't mean that you should go there immediately. 10. Do you like when your guests leave your place late?

Model 2: She heard that he whispered something. She heard him whisper something.

1. I felt that it was true this time. 2. I saw that the man pulled the door open. 3. I felt that his hand was trembling. 4. I noticed that the woman passed him by and gave him a quick and strange look. 5. We heard that the actor was singing. 6. They forced us to sit and wait (make). 7.1 hope you will tell her to sell the car (have). 8. Her parents wouldn't give her permission to go out with boys (let). 9. His parents didn't allow him to leave the home-town (let). 10. She heard some strange sound and stepped aside (make). 11. The teacher told him to complete the task (have).

VI. Retell the information of the text.

TEXT VIII

Bulldozer

I. Read and translate the text:

The first bulldozers were adapted from Holt farm tractors that were used to plow fields. The versatility of tractors in soft_ground for logging and road building contributed to the development of the armored tank in World War I.

In 1923, a young farmer name James Cummings and a draftsman named J. Earl McLeod made the first designs for the bulldozer. A replica is on display at the city park in Morrisville where the two built the first bulldozer.

By the 1920s, tracked vehicles became common, particularly the Caterpillar 60. Rubber tired vehicles came into use in the 1940s. To dig canals, raise earth dams, and do other earth moving jobs, these tractors were equipped with a large thick metal plate in front. (The blade got its curved shape later). In some early models the driver sat on top in the open without a cabin. There are three main types of bulldozer blades: a U-blade for pushing and carrying dirt relatively long distances, a straight blade for "knocking down" and spreading piles of dirt, and a brush rake for removing brush and roots.

Widespread acceptance of the bull-grader does not seem to appear before the mid-1930s. The addition of power down-force provided by hydraulic cylinders instead of just the weight of the blade made them the preferred excavation machine for large and small contractors.

The best known maker of bulldozers is probably Caterpillar in the USA, which earned its reputation by making tough, durable, reliable machines. Komatsu, JCB and John Deere arc present - day competitors. Although these machines began as modified farm tractors, they became the mainstay for big civil construction projects, and found their way into use by military construction units worldwide. The best known model, the Caterpillar D9, was also used to clear mines and demolish enemy structures.

II. Learn the vocabulary to the text:

Versatility - гибкость; универсальность;

Soft ground - мягкий грунт; труднопроходимый участок местности со слабым

грунтом; заболоченная местность; песчаная местность;

Logging - заготовка и транспортировка леса

Draftsman - чертежник, рисовальщик, автор проекта

Rubber tired vehicles - транспортное средство на резиновых шинах; вагон с резиновыми шинами

Earth dams - земляная плотина

Excavation machine - землеройная машина

Drivetrains - трансмиссии

Bull - grader -грейдер-бульдозер

III. Put the verbs into Passive Voice:

1. The first bulldozers were adapted from Holt farm tractors that ( to use) to plow fields.

2. The best known model, the Caterpillar D9, (to use) also to clear mines and demolish enemy structures.

3. Modern bulldozers ( to equip) with the equipment with the GPS technology.

4. To dig canals, raise earth dams, and do other earth moving jobs, these tractors ( to equip) with a large thick metal plate in front.

5. Bulldozers (to apply) to dig the canals and raise earth dams.

6. To destination bulldozers (to divide) into general use, and bulldozers special designed for specific types of work.

7. The term "bulldozer" (to use) often erroneously to mean any heavy equipment (sometimes a loader and sometimes an excavator. . ' .

8. Blades can (to fit) straight across the frame, or at an angle, sometimes using additional 'tilt cylinders' to vary the angle while moving.

9. Sometimes a bulldozer ( to use) to push another piece of earth moving equipment known as a "scraper".

10. In military use, dozer blades (to fix) on combat engineering vehicles and can optionally (to fit) on other vehicles, such as artillery tractors such as the Type 73 or M8 Tractor.

IV. Translate the word combinations into English paying attention to the Participle:

Переделанный из прежних тракторов; погрузчики, произведенные этой компанией; создавая прочные и надежные машины; гусеницы, распределяющие вес, расширяя область их применения; оборудование, приспособленное для выполнения разнообразных землеройно и строительных работ; разработанный для транспортировки грунта; лопасть, установленная под углом к продольной оси машины; расположенный вне ходовой части машины; бульдозеры, используемые, чтобы проталкивать большое количество почвы, песка, щебня; тяжелая техника, оснащенная сзади устройством похожим на коготь, установленный на основных цистернах; оснащенный броней, закрепленный на транспортных средствах; лезвие, прикрепленное к передней части и управляемое шестью гидравлическими руками;

V. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the Gerund:

1. A more recent innovation is the outfitting of bulldozers with GPS technology, such as manufactured by Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc., Trimble Inc, or Leica Geosystems for precise grade control and (potentially) "stayless" construction.

2. Some bulldozers, especially bulldozers in military usage, have been fitted with armor to protect the driver from enemy fire, enabling the bulldozer to operate in battle zones.

3. The best-known use of an armored bulldozer is probably the use by the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) of the IDF Caterpillar D9, for earth moving, clearing terrain obstacles, opening routes, detonating explosive charges and demolishing structures whilst under fire.

UNIT VIII