Chapter 1. Shipyards (судоверфи)
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text, using the words below.
Shipyards and dockyards are places where ships are repaired and built. These can be yachts, military vessels, cruise liners or other cargo or passenger ships. Dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards, which are sometimes associated more with initial construction. The terms are routinely used interchangeably, in part because the evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or merge roles.
Countries with large shipbuilding industries include Singapore, South Korea, Australia, Japan, China, Germany, Turkey,Poland and Croatia. The shipbuilding industry tends to be more fragmented in Europe than in Asia. In European countries there are a greater number of small companies, compared to the fewer, larger companies in the shipbuilding countries of Asia.
Most shipbuilders in the United States are privately owned, the largest being Huntington Ingalls Industries, a multi-billion dollar defense contractor. The publicly owned shipyards in the US are naval facilities providing basing, support and repair.
Shipyards are constructed nearby the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships. In the United Kingdom, for example, shipyards were established on the River Thames (King Henry VIII founded yards at Woolwich and Deptford in 1512 and 1513 respectively), River Mersey, River Tees, River Tyne, River Wear and River Clyde – the latter growing to be the World's pre-eminent shipbuilding centre.
Sir Alfred Yarrow established his yard by the Thames in London's Docklands in the late 19th century before moving it northwards to the banks of the Clyde at Scotstown (1906–08). Other famous UK shipyards include the Harland and Wolf yard in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where the Titanic was built, and the naval dockyard at Chatham, England on the Medway in north Kent.
The site of a large shipyard will contain many specialized cranes, dry docks, slipways, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities and extremely large areas for fabrication of the ships.
After a ship's useful life is over, it makes its final voyage to a shipbreaking yard. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in dry dock in developed countries, but high wages and environmental regulations have resulted in movement of the industry to developing regions.
Words to be remembered.
shipyard – судостроительная верфь
dockyards - судоремонтный завод, эллинг
interchangeably - взаимосвязанный
in part - отчасти, частично, кроме того
merge - объединять, соединять, совмещать
fragment - разбивать
publicly - открыто
tidal rivers - приливоотливная река
pre-eminent - превосходящий, преимущественный
slipways - судоподъёмный эллинг, стапель
dust-free – не запылённый
Exercise 2. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the place where ships are repaired and built?
2. What kind of ships can be repaired and built in shipyards?
3. Are there any countries in the world with large shipbuilding industries?
4. Does the shipbuilding industry tend to be more fragmented in Europe than in Asia?
5. The publicly owned shipyards in the US are naval facilities providing basing, support and repair, aren`t they?
6. Where are the shipyards constructed?
7. Do you know any famous UK shipyards?
8. What will the site of a large shipyard contain?
9. Where does a ship make its final voyage to?
10. Why does shipbreaking carry on in developing regions?
Exercise 3. Find the Russian equivalents for the given English terms.
| 1. dockyards | 1. техническое обслуживание |
| 2. maintenance | 2. развитие |
| 3. initial construction | 3. судоподъёмный эллинг |
| 4. evolution | 4. военно-морская база |
| 5. shipbuilding industry | 5. обработка |
| 6. naval facilities | 6. эллинг |
| 7. tidal river | 7. судоразделочный завод |
| 8. bank | 8. не запылённый склад |
| 9. slipways | 9. начальная стадия строительства |
| 10. dust-free warehouses | 10. берег |
| 11. fabrication | 11. судостроительная промышленность |
| 12. shipbreaking yard | 12. приливоотливная река |
Exercise 4.Translate the following sentences from Russian into English.
1. Судостроительная верфь – это место, где ремонтируются и строятся суда.
2. Судоремонтный завод ассоциируется с техническим обслуживанием, а судостроительная верфь – с первоначальной стадией строительства.
3. В Европейских странах существует большое количество маленьких компаний по сравнению с несколькими крупными компаниями в судостроительной промышленности Азии.
4. Открыто признанными судостроительными верфями являются военно-морские базы, обеспечивающие обслуживание и ремонт.
5. Судостроительные верфи строятся рядом с морем или приливоотливными реками, чтобы позволить легкий доступ для своих судов.
6. Территория большой судостроительной верфи будет содержать специализированные краны, сухие доки, стапели, не запыленные склады, покрасочные оборудования и чрезвычайно большие площади для обработки судов.
7. После того как завершается эксплуатационный срок судна, он отправляется в последний рейс в судоразделочный завод.
Exercise 5. Substitute Russian words for the English ones.
1. The термин are routinely used interchangeably.
a) terms b) termin c) word
2. The …. of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them to change or … roles.
a) evolution …. merge b) development …. connect c) progress …. bind
3. Most shipbuilders in the Великобритании are privately owned a multi-billion dollar defense contractor.
a) United States b) UK c) Ukraine
4. In the United Kingdom, for example, shipyards were established on the …
a) river Thames b) river Avon c) river Tweed
5. Other famous UK shipyards include … at Chatham, England on the Medway in north Kent
a) the naval dockyard b) civil docks c) country yards
6. The site of a large shipyard will contain extremely large areas for … of the ships.
a) installation b) fabrication c) organization
7. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in … in developed countries,
a) port b) harbour c) dry dock
Exercise 6. Ask as many questions as possible to the following sentences.
1. Dockyards are sometimes more associated with maintenance and basing activities than shipyards.
2. Countries with large shipbuilding industries include Singapore, South Korea, Australia, Japan, China, Germany, Turkey, Poland and Croatia.
3. Most shipbuilders in the United States are privately owned, the largest being Huntington Ingalls Industries, a multi-billion dollar defense contractor.
4. Shipyards are constructed nearby the sea or tidal rivers to allow easy access for their ships.
5. Historically shipbreaking was carried on in dry dock in developed countries.
Exercise 7. Complete the following sentences.
1. These can be ……… or other cargo or passenger ships.
2. Dockyards are sometimes more associated with …..
3. Shipyards are sometimes associated more with …..
4. The evolution of dockyards and shipyards has often caused them ….
5. The shipbuilding industry tends ……
6. The publicly owned shipyards in the US are ……
7. Shipyards are constructed nearby ……
8. Other famous UK shipyards include …..
9. ………. will contain many specialized cranes, dry docks, slipways, dust-free warehouses, painting facilities.
10. After a ship's useful life is over, it makes its ……
Exercise 8. Find in the text the sentences with Passive Voice.
Exercise 9. Speak on shipyards.
Exercise 10. Skim through the text and say in a few sentences what the message of the text is.
Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin visited the Admiralty Shipyard (Admiralteiskiye Verfi) in St Petersburg and chaired a conference on the development of the shipbuilding industry.
Vladimir Putin's introductory remarks at a conference on the development of the shipbuilding industry:
Good afternoon.
Today, our meeting is dedicated to the development of the national shipbuilding industry.
Together with the aviation sector, the shipbuilding industry must become a major growth point in the country's hi-tech sector, generating innovative technology and creating demand for cutting edge inventions. Nor must we forget the shipbuilding industry's role in accomplishing defensive objectives.
The North-Western Federal District accounts for 75% of the Russian shipbuilding industry's huge production potential. We are now accumulating sizeable financial and administrative resources in this sphere.
Our May 13 visit to Admiralteiskiye Verfi has convinced us that Russia, which can independently build warships of any class, also has unique potential for building ice-resistant ships and platforms for the Arctic and the Antarctic. Admiralteiskiye Verfi is probably the oldest Russian shipyard. Its general director has told us that the company was founded 304 years ago, and that Peter the Great was its first CEO. There are many encouraging things to review here. I particularly want to note the shipyard's high performance. The current contract and all other contracts are being fulfilled on schedule.
Over the past 10 years, Russian shipyards have built only 6% of the vessels needed by Russian ship-owners. The Government is aware of these statistics. Most contracts go to foreign shipbuilders. The choice of contractors depends on a number of factors. Most importantly, foreign shipyards work faster and produce better and less costly vessels.
The Russian shipbuilding industry lags behind in terms of labour productivity and production organization. It is also slow to introduce innovations.
The national shipbuilding industry's labour costs exceed those of our foreign counterparts by 200-400%. I am not talking particularly about Admiralteiskiye Verfi. It takes 100-150% more time to build comparable ships in Russia. The cost of the final product increases several-fold as a result. It takes over a million man-hours to build a tanker displacing 40,000-50,000 metric tons in Russia, while the labour input is less than 400,000 man-hours in Japan or South Korea.
Consequently, Russian production facilities often stand idle, losing profits and skilled workers and missing chances to overhaul their equipment and R&D divisions.
We need a comprehensive strategy to achieve a breakthrough and to facilitate the industry's development. This is the way to make it more competitive and to ensure profound technological modernization.
I want to say that it would be impossible to effectively implement national defense programmes or to develop the continental shelf or to catch more fish unless we achieve this goal.
First. We must continue to set up integrated production facilities inside the shipbuilding industry. As you know, it was decided to establish the United Shipbuilding Corporation (USBC) in March 2007. Next year, the Government must convert all of its state unitary enterprises into shareholding companies. The USBC's administration and those of its western, northern and Far Eastern shipbuilding and repair centres have not yet been completely established. I want to find out the reasons behind these delays. Please note that all USBC organizational issues must be settled by April 1, 2009 to conform to our previous agreement.
Second. We must choose promising spheres in the shipbuilding industry and start developing a new generation of sea-going ships along with other innovative technology. In this context, we must focus on vital defense-related projects and projects that can pay dividends in the foreseeable future. The creation of an entire range of sea-going vessels and equipment for developing hydrocarbon resources on the continental shelf and transporting them are a high priority. The list includes floating platforms, ice-breaking tankers, gas carriers and ice-breakers. We have seen one such vessel today. The world annually produces $80 billion to$100 billion worth of hydrocarbons on the continental shelf. Nor should we forget about the construction of floating power plants for Arctic territories and other remote regions, as well as a new-generation fishing vessels. A federal target programme, "The Development of Civilian Sea-Going Vessels", due to be implemented in 2009, will play a special role. Naturally, we must guarantee a timely and top-quality fulfillment of all national defense programmes and commitments in the sphere of military-technical cooperation.
We must actively pursue modern financial tools, primarily the leasing of Russian-made river-going and sea-going vessels. Clients must be able to acquire new ships on more favourable conditions. I hope that our funding programme is currently being implemented, and that this process will continue without interruption. And one more thing. The industry must be integrated into the global shipbuilding network more actively because it will prove impossible to sustain its development otherwise. This implies cooperation with foreign partners in technological, R&D and production, as well as in our marketing efforts
We must achieve the ambitious goal of expanding the national shipbuilding industry because Russia is a major sea power. This specific programme hinges on objective market surveys, stipulating the frugal and efficient allotment of state resources.
Exercise 11. Retell the text.
CHAPTER 2. DOCKS (ДОКИ)
Exercise 1. Read and translate the texts, using the words below.
A dry dock is a narrow basin or vessel that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, and then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform. Dry docks are used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and other watercraft. Some dry docks are designed mainly for ship construction, whereas others are intended for repairs and maintenance. The latter types of dry docks may be used for cleaning a ship's hull (such as removing barnacles and rust), repainting, or repairing battle damage.
The classic form of dry dock, properly known as a graving dock, is a narrow basin, usually made of earthen beams and concrete, closed by gates or a caisson, into which a vessel may be floated and the water pumped out, leaving the vessel supported on blocks. The keel blocks as well as the bilge block are placed on the floor of the dock in accordance with the "docking plan" of the ship.
Some fine-tuning of the ship's position can be done by divers while there is still some water left to maneuver it about. It is extremely important that supporting blocks conform to the structural members so that the ship is not damaged when its weight is supported by the blocks. Some anti-submarine warfare warships have protruding sonar domes, requiring that the hull of the ship be supported several meters from the bottom of the dry dock.
Once the remainder of the water is pumped out, the ship can be freely inspected or serviced. When work on the ship is finished, water is allowed to re-enter the dry dock and the ship is carefully refloated.
Modern graving docks are box-shaped, to accommodate the newer, boxier ship designs, whereas old dry docks are often shaped like the ships that are intended to be docked there. This shaping was advantageous because such a dock was easier to build, it was easier to side-support the ships, and less water had to be pumped away.
Dry docks used for building navy vessels may occasionally be built with a roof. This is done to prevent spy satellites from taking pictures of the dry dock and any ships or submarines that may be in it. During World War II, covered dry docks were frequently used by submarine fleets to protect them from enemy air raids, however their effectiveness in that role diminished after that war. Today, covered dry docks are usually used only when servicing or repairing a fleet ballistic missile submarine. Another advantage of covered dry docks is that one can work independently of the weather. This can save time in bad weather.
A floating dry dock is a type of pontoon for dry docking ships, possessing floodable buoyancy chambers and a "U" shaped cross-section. The walls are used to give the dry dock stability when the floor is below water level. When valves are opened, the chambers are filled with water, the dry dock floats lower in the water, allowing a ship to be moved into position inside. When the water is pumped out of the chambers, the dry dock rises and the deck is cleared of water, allowing work to proceed on the ship's hull.
Shipyards operate floating dry docks, among other means of hauling or docking vessels. The advantage of these dry docks is that they can be moved all over the world and also can be sold second-hand. During World War II, the U.S. Navy used floating dry docks extensively to provide maintenance in remote locations. One of these, the 850-foot AFDB-3, saw action in Guam, was mothballed near Norfolk, Virginia, and was eventually towed to Portland, Maine, to become part of Bath Iron Works' repair facilities.
Besides the use of graving docks and floating dry docks, ships can be dry docked and launched by several other methods. For example, a slipway or patent slip consists of a ramp extending from the shoreline into the water. A ship lift consists of a platform that can be lifted and lowered vertically by a number of hoists. These systems may be used for the construction as well as repair of ships. Some boat lifts (or ship lifts) are used not for repair but for transporting boats between water at two different elevations.
Words to be remembered.
dry dock - сухой док
flood - затопление, наводнение
drain - отток, водоотвод, сток
whereas - поскольку, принимая во внимание, если, же
barnacles - ракушки, обрастать ракушками
graving dock - сухой док с искусственным бассейном, ремонтный док
beam - бимс, траверз, ширина судна
caisson - плавучий затвор
keel block - стапель-блок, киль-блок
bilge block - скуловой блок, шпангоутный лежень
fine-tuning - корректировка, тонкая настройка, подстройка
conform - соответствовать, приспособить
protrude - выделяться, выпячивать
sonar domes - обтекатель гидролокатора
accommodate - приспосабливать, обеспечивать, предоставлять
spy satellites - спутник-разведчик, спутник-шпион
missile - реактивная ракета
raid - действовать на морских коммуникациях
valve - створка, клапан
hauling - меняющий курс, буксирующий,
mothball - консервация
slipway - судоподъёмный эллинг, стапель, аппарель
Exercise 2. Read the international words and translate them.
Basin, platform, design, maneuver, effectiveness, ballistic, pontoon, action, vertically, transporting.
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions.
1. What is a dry dock?
2. What is a dry dock used for?
3. What type of dry docks may be used for cleaning a ship's hull?
4. What is a graving dock?
5. Where are the keel blocks and the bilge blocks placed?
6. What can be done by divers?
7. What ship has protruding sonar domes?
8. When can the ship be freely inspected or serviced?
9. Why may dry docks be built with a roof?
10. What is a floating dry dock?
11. What is the advantage of dry docks?
12. What does a slipway consist of?
13. What consists of a platform?
14. What are boat lifts used for?
Exercise 4. Define the voice (Active or Passive) of the sentences.
1. Dry docks are used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and other watercraft.
2. Some anti-submarine warfare warships have protruding sonar domes, requiring that the hull of the ship be supported several meters from the bottom of the dry dock.
3. Some dry docks are designed mainly for ship construction, whereas others are intended for repairs and maintenance.
4. The latter types of dry docks may be used for cleaning a ship's hull, repainting, or repairing battle damage.
5. The classic form of dry dock is a narrow basin, usually made of earthen beams and concrete.
6. When work on the ship is finished, water is allowed to re-enter the dry dock and the ship is carefully refloated.
7. Shipyards operate floating dry docks, among other means of hauling or docking vessels.
8. However their effectiveness in that role diminished after that war.
9. Ships can be dry docked and launched by several other methods.
10. A ship lift consists of a platform.
Exercise 5. Choose the appropriate form of the verb.
1. A dry dock is a narrow basin that … (can be flooded, may be placed) to allow a load to be floated in.
2. Some dry docks … (is designed, are intended) for repairs and maintenance.
3. It is extremely important that supporting blocks … (passes, conform) to the structural members of the ship.
4. When work on the ship … (was ended, is finished) the ship … carefully … (is …refloated, is … relocated).
5. Another advantage of covered dry docks … (are, is) that one … (can work, can be done) independently of the weather.
6. The dry dock … (floats, falls down) lower in the water, allowing a ship … (to be moved, is placed) into position inside.
7. During World War II, covered dry docks … frequently … (were…used, were … fallen on) by submarine fleets to protect them from enemy air raids.
8. A floating dry dock … (possesses, is possessed) floodable buoyancy chambers and a "U" shaped cross-section.
9. These dry docks … (should be given, can be sold) second-hand.
10. These systems … (can be dangerous, may be used) for the construction as well as repair of ships.
Exercise 6. Give Russian equivalents.
A bilge block, elevation, drain, fine-tuning, dry dock, graving docks, whereas, dock, patent slip, the keel block, launch, spy satellites, barnacle, shoreline, boat lifts, hauling, navy, tow, flood, accommodate, beam, caisson, conform, protrude, sonar domes, missile, raid, valve, mothball, slipway.
Exercise 7. Give English equivalents.
Поскольку, высота, Мортонов эллинг, водоотливное отверстие, сухой док с искусственным бассейном, затопление, сухой док, морская линия, вводить в док, обрастать ракушками, спускать судно на воду, судоподъёмник, траверз, стапель-блок, плавучий затвор, скуловой блок, корректировка, соответствовать, буксироваться, выделяться, военно-морской флот, обтекатель гидролокатора, обеспечивать, реактивная ракета, спутник-разведчик, действовать на морских коммуникациях, клапан, меняющий курс, консервация, аппарель.
Exercise 8. Translate the text from Russian into English, using the words in the box.
| Trench, low water level, watertight, dock floor – подошва, hatch затворами, with the falling water, crib клетки. Consumable weights переменных грузов, fastening of goods- закрепление, davit шлюпбалок, illuminator body of water |
Сухой док — сооружение для ремонта (осмотра, окраски) и постройки судов. Это котлован, вырытый в грунте ниже уровня воды акватории. Док состоит из камеры, построенной в котловане с водонепроницаемыми стенками и днищем (подошвой). Он отделен от акватории водонепроницаемыми воротами со специальными затворами. Док оснащен мощной насосной станцией и оборудованием для ввода и вывода судов из дока. Сухой док «предназначен в основном для ремонта крупных морских судов. Перед вводом судна в сухой док его наполняют водой через затворы в ворота. После этого ворота закрывают и откачивают насосом воду из дока.
Судно по мере убыли воды в доке садится на кильблоки и клетки.
Подготовка судна к постановке в док включает удаление всех переменных грузов (топлива, воды, масла и т. п.); надежное закрепление грузов и механизмов (кранов, стрел, шлюпбалок), способных перемещаться; закрытие всех водонепроницаемых иллюминаторов, горловин, люков, дверей и т. д. (последнее производится также после ремонта перед всплытием судна или погружением дока); устранение крена судна и доведение дифферента до минимума.
Судно, заведенное в док и находящееся на плаву, устанавливают над опорами, на которые оно должно опуститься после осушения камеры.
Постановка судна должна быть выполнена с большой точностью.
Exercise 9. Retell the text.