Обучение письму и письменной речи
Цель обучения письму и письменной речи состоит в обучении целенаправленной и осмысленной коммуникативной деятельности в письменной форме. Письмо и письменная речь рассматривается как процесс, в течении которого студенты тренируются в размышлении, планировании, изложении мыслей, выбирают и анализируют различные варианты такого изложения, редактируют и исправляют собственный текст.
LESSON 1.
1. Phonetic drill.
Lorry, long, motor, coach, small, call, auto, automobile, are, car, large, half, truck, bus, number, ton, passenger, carry, tractor.
2. Reading drill:
Synonym, term, automobile, motor, auto, group, class, passenger, material, district, commercial, general, specialized, to classify, to transport, to construct, to accommodate
3. Read the words for the text and memorize them
to be used – использоваться to be known – быть известным
to classify – классифицировать in accordance – в соответствии
to transport – транспортировать to accommodate – приспосабливать
to carry – перевозить freight – груз
distance – дистанция, расстояние to vary – варьироваться, различаться
capacity – способность delivery –доставка
vehicle - аппарат
4. Read the text and translate it.
AUTOMOBILES
The word “automobile” has several synonyms: motor, motor car, auto car, car and motor vehicle. In America the terms automobile, auto and car are most commonly used. In England motor and motor car are more often used.
In America the commercial vehicle is called a “truck”, while in England it is known as “lorry”.
Motor vehicles are classified into the groups in accordance with their general use. These classes are: the passenger car; the bus or coach; the commercial vehicle and the cars for specialized use.
Passenger cars are designed and used for transporting persons and are constructed to accommodate up to seven people. Busses are designed to carry large numbers of passengers up to 48. Commercial vehicles or trucks as they are commonly called, are used for the transportation of materials or freight, either over short or long distances. They very in size and capacity from the small half-ton delivery truck to large tractor – trailer units.
5. Make sentences using the text.
Passenger cars are used for ………………………
Buses ………………………
Commercial vehicles are designed to ……………………….
6. Answer the questions.
1. What terns are used for the word “automobile” in America? In England?
2. How is the commercial vehicle called in the USA? In England?
3. What are the passenger cars used for?
4. What are the buses used for?
5. What are the tricks used for?
7. Read the text and summarize it.
HOW MANY VEHICLES ARE THERE IN THE WORLD?
There are now nearly 500 million vehicles in the world counting all the cars, lorries and buses. The USA claims the first place, Japan is second and West Germany - the third, the UK is sixth.
On average about 80% of the world’s vehicles are cars. In Russia, however, only about half its vehicles are cars and in China only one third.
The number of vehicles is catching up with the population in some countries. In the USA there is one vehicle for every 1,4 people. In the UK there is one vehicle for very 2,9. But China’s one million people outnumber their vehicle by 340 to 1. In India there are 308 people per vehicle.
8. Ask 5 questions to the text.
9. Use your questions as a plan and retell the text.
LESSON 2
1. Study the words and expressions:
To put into mass production – запустить в массовое производство
Production - производство
To imagine - представлять
Modern - современный
High efficiency – высокая эффективность
Long service life – долгий срок службы
Driving safety – безопасность езды
Ease of maintenance – легкость содержания
Appearance – внешний вид
To design - конструировать
Requirement - требование
To offer - предлагать
To deal with – иметь дело с …
To subject to tests – подвергать испытаниям
Rigid - жесткий
Quality - качество
Smooth - acting clutch – плавное сцепление
Silent gearbox – бесшумная коробка передач
Dependable brakes – надежные тормоза
2. Read the text and translate it.
Automobile production.
The production of the automobiles is a highly developed field of industry in many countries. Today people can not imagine their life without cars, trucks, buses and so on. So, the modern automobile must have high efficiency, long service life, driving safety, ease of maintenance and , of course , pleasant appearance. Besides these up-to-date requirements the automobile should be properly designed before it is put into mass production. And of course specialists in automobile industry who deal with designing and manufacturing cars should know that the production of the automobile consists of the following phases:
1) designing;
2) working out the technology of manufacturing processes;
3) laboratory tests;
4) road tests;
5) mass production.
In order to obtain all these requirements and qualities engineers should develop up-to-date methods of designing cars. Also it is important to know computer science because it is intended to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing. Computers offer quick and optimal solutions of problems.
Before putting the automobile into mass production all its units and mechanisms are subjected to tests, first in the plant's laboratory and then the car undergoes a rigid quality control in road tests. Only after this the car is put into mass production. So, why are these tests required? What qualities are required of the car? The modern automobile must be rapid in acceleration, must have smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes, steering system and of course it must be very comfortable and have all conveniences.
So the production of the automobiles is a long and difficult process which requires the
development of new technologies.
3. Answer the questions:
1) What requirements must the modern automobile meet?
2) What phases does the production of the automobile consist of?
3) Why is it important for the specialists in automobile industry to know computer science?
4) Why are cars subjected to road test?
5) What qualities are required of the automobile today?
4. Complete the sentences:
1) The cars are subjected to road tests in order ...
2)Also it is important to know computer science ...
3) The car must have the following units ...
4) The car must have the following qualities ...
a) to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing.
b) to meet up-to-date requirements
c) high efficiency, long service life, driving safety.
d) smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes.
5. Find the equivalents:
| 1) to deal with | a) специалист |
| 2) designing cars | b) подвергать испытаниям |
| 3) to put into mass production | c) автомобиль |
| 4) long service life | d) безопасность езды |
| 5) driving safety | e) механизм |
| 6) smooth acting clutch | f) иметь дело |
| 7) silent gearbox | g) плавное сцепление |
| 8) to subject to tests | h) удобный |
| 9) comfortable | i) бесшумная коробка передач |
| 10) automobile | j) долгий срок службы |
| 11) specialist | k) конструирование автомобилей |
| 12) mechanism | 1) запустить в массовое производство |
6. Translate the following international words:
mechanism, specialist, process, laboratory, test, automobile, engineer, comfortable.
7. Translate the following sentences into English:
- Сегодня люди не могут представить свою жизнь без машин, грузовиков, автобусов.
- Только после этого автомобиль запускается в массовое производство.
- Современный автомобиль должен обладать высокой эффективностью, долгим сроком службы, безопасностью вождения, легкостью содержания и приятным внешним видом.
9. Fill in the blanks with the words below:
1) Besides these up-to-date ... the automobile should be properly designed before it is put into ... production.
2) In order ... all these requirements and qualities engineers should develop up-to-date methods of... cars.
3) Computers offer quick and optimal... of problems.
4) The modern automobile must be rapid in ... , must have smooth acting clutch, silent... , dependable brakes, steering system and of course it must be very ... and have all conveniences.
gearbox, comfortable, to obtain, designing, acceleration, solutions, mass, requirements.
LESSON 3.
1. Phonetic drill:
Firm, company, diesel, industry, model, problem, start, concrete, tank, crane, mixer
2. Make word combinations with the word capacity and translate them:
tank
lifting
loading capacity
high
low
different
3. Read and memorize the following words:
founded – основанный outskirts – окраина
to produce – производить to market – торговать
requirement – требование, потребность industry – индустрия, промышленность
achievement –достижение during – в течение
respected – респектабельный firm – фирма
quality – качество durability – прочность, долговечность
reliability – надежность effort – усилие
to concentrate – концентрировать, сосредотачивать
to solve – решать, разрешать (проблему) environment – окружающая среда
pollution – загрязнение variety – разнообразие
multitude – множество purpose – цель
range – диапазон, ряд engine – двигатель
4. Make several word combinations with the words from task 3.
5. Read the text and translate it. Answer the questions after the text.
NISSAN DIESEL
Nissan Diesel Industries Ltd. Founded on the outskirts of Tokyo got its start in 1935 producing and marketing diesel engines to meet its growing requirements of industry. Since then a lot of vehicles and engines have come off the production line. Great achievement have been made in the transportation industry during all these years. The name of the highly-respected firm has become synonyms with quality, durability and reliability.
They concentrated their efforts on solving the problems of environmental pollution. Nissan Diesel makes a variety of vehicles for a multitude of purposes: cargo trucks, dump trucks, truck tractors, crane carriers, tank trucks, concrete mixed trucks and buses in a range of size from medium trucks to heavy-duty models.
1. When was Nissan Diesel Industries founded?
2. How many vehicles have come off the production line since 1935?
3. What has become the name of this firm synonymous with?
4. What have they concentrated their efforts on?
5. What vehicles does this firm produce?
LESSON 4.
1. Study the words:
to injure - повредить
valid – действующий, действительный
to lake into consideration – принимать во внимание
abreast – в ряд
forbiddenor to forbid – запрещать, не позволять
lane – проход, переулок
motorvan – автофургон, багажный вагон
cyclist - велосипедист
to cause – причинять, вызывать, являться причиной
carelessness – небрежность, невнимательность
rule - правило
to obey – слушаться, повиноваться
sure - уверенный
braking - торможение
sign - знак
provided – при условии, что …
hydraulic - гидравлический
wheel - колесо
braking path – тормозной путь
to depend on – зависеть от
condition – состояние, обстоятельства. условия
surface - поверхность
wet - мокрый
smoothly – гладко, ровно, плавно, спокойно
clutch – сцепление, хватка, сжатие
to engage – нанимать, зацеплять, включать
parking brake = hand brakes – ручной тормоз
to hold, held, held – держать, вмещать,
владеть, иметь
steep – крутой, невероятный
grade – градус, степ
2. Read the texts and translate them.
Text 1. ROAD TRANSPORT. TRAFFICRULES
Every year several thousand people are killed onthe roads, hers are injured. Traffic regulations are international nowadays. But special regulations valid for one country only are also to be taken into consideration.
Traffic in Russia is on the right-hand side of streets and roads with traffic way wide enough for several cars moving abreast in one direction. It is forbidden to drive in the left-hand lane if the right-hand lane is free. In Great Britain traffic keeps to the left. Motorcars, motorvans, buses and cyclists must all keep to the left side of the road. In most other countries traffic keeps to the. right.
Accidents are often caused by carelessness.
There are rules that help to make the roads safe, but people do not always obey the rules. They are careless. If everybody obeys the rules, the road will be much safer.
Before crossing the road, stop and look both ways. Look right, look left, look right again. Then, if you are sure that the road is clear, that there is nothing coming, it is safe to cross the road.
Text 2.Braking of the Car and Road Signs.
To brake a moving car it is necessary, to use only foot brakes provided with a hydraulic drive for all four wheels. The braking path depends on the car speed and condition of the road surface.
On the wet road and at high speeds the car should be braked in time and smoothly, with the clutch engaged. The parking brake (hand brake) serves to hold the car in place. It should beused when thecar is stopped bymeans of a foot brake on a level road oron a steep grade. Don't forget that the parking brakeactsas thefoot brake.
Moreover, when it is used on a moving car side-slipping might occur, especially on a wet road as the parking brake does hot act directly on the wheels.
3. Ask questions to the texts.
4. Use the questions as a plan and retell one of the texts.
LESSON 5.
1. Phonetic drill:
Support, start, load, drive, speed, respect, haul, range, handle.
2. Make word combinations with the word “trucks”, translate them:
cargo
dump
concrete mixer
logging
fire engine trucks
tank
heavy-duty
high-speed
long-distance
3. Read the words and learn them by heart:
Maneuverable, hauling, ruggedly, roughest terrain, solid, sturdy, distribution, pump, liquid, logging , tough job, equipped, extinguishers
4. Read and translate the definitions below. Learn them by heart.
Cargo trucks – are maneuverable trucks for quick and economical cargo hauling.
Dump trucks - ruggedly built to handle the heaviest loads on the roughest terrain for high productivity.
Truck tractor – reliable truck tractors for high-speed, long-distance, mass transportation over highways and superhighways.
Crane carriers – providing solid, sturdy support and even load distribution for cranes with large lifting capacities.
Concrete Mixer trucks – are available with loading capacities ranging from 1.6m to 5.0m. Drum is driven by a hydraulic pump.
Tank lorries – ensure safe transportation of high-capacity liquid loads.
Logging trucks – are built for the tough job of hauling heavy logs from forest over rough terrain or highways.
Fire engine trucks – are fast and easy to handle, equipped with chemical fire extinguishers.
5. Find the Russian equivalents to the English words:
passenger car машина-кран dump truck бетономешалка
logging truck легковой автомобиль concrete mixer лесовоз
tank carrier автоцистерна crane carrier самосвал
truck tractor скорая помощь ambulance тягач
highway бездорожье rough terrain шоссе
concrete road асфальтовая дорога
off-road дорога с бетонным покрытием
6. Translate the following sentences:
- «Ниссан-Дизель» была основана в 1935 году.
- Множество автомобилей выпускаются этой компанией.
- Завод выпускает грузовики. Самосвалы, бетономешалки, лесовозы, автоцистерны и другие машины.
- Проблемы загрязнения окружающей среды решаются в фирме «Нисан-Дизель».
- Автомобили этой компании характеризуются высоким качеством, выносливостью и надежностью.
LESSON 6.
1. Phonetic drill:
[o] – cross, obstacle, storage [o:] – horn, source, law [oa] – tow, load
[ ] – truck, under, function [a:] – hard, plant, cargo [ai] – size, final, wiper, type
2. Read and translate the words, pay attention to the suffixes: -er, -or, -tion, sion
to operate – operator – operation to move – mover – motion
to consume – consumer – consummation to transmit – transmitter – transmission
to direct – director – direction to indicate – indicator indication
to generate – generator – generation
3. Remember the words:
cargo = load – груз tow – буксировать
additional – дополнительный torque – крутящий момент
change – изменять mix – смешивать
size – размер, величина cardan driver – карданная передача
final driver – главная передачаshaft – вал
frame – рама wheel mover – колесный двигатель
suspension – подвеска connection – связь, соединение
as well as – так же, как allow – позволять, разрешать
poor roads – плохие дороги overcome – преодолевать
steering – рулевое управление indicating device – контрольные приборы
fuel-air mixer – горючая смесь spark – искра
power source – источник энергии consumer – потребитель
horn – звуковой сигнал, гудок single wire type – однопроходный тип
heater – обогреватель windshield wipers – стеклоочистители
winch - лебедка chassis – шасси
clutch – сцепление gearbox – коробка передач
axle – ось absorber – поглотитель
towing gear – буксировочное устройство
hard-surface road – дорога с твердым покрытием
cobblestone road – дорога с булыжным покрытием
under any condition – в любых условиях
set in motion – приводить в движение
truck controls – механизмы управления
4. Read the text. Find the sentences with underlined words from task 3 and translate them.
TRUCK DISCRIPTION
ZIL-131 truck is a six-wheel cross-country cargo vehicle. It is designed for carrying loads on mixed- and hard-surface roads (except cobblestone ones). The truck may be also used for towing trailer and carrying personal. It can operate under and condition, including tropical ones.
The truck consists of five main parts: engine, chassis, body, electrical equipment, additional equipment. The engine is the power plant of the vehicle. It sets the truck in motion.
The chassis includes power transmission, running gear and truck controls.
The transmission transmits the torque from the engine to the driving wheels and changes the torque in size and direction. It contains clutch, gearbox, cardan drive, final drive, differential transfer case, and driving wheel shafts.
The running gear of the truck includes frame, axles, wheel mover, suspension. All the truck mechanisms are mounted on the frame. The wheels as well as axles are divided into driving and driven. The suspension including springs and absorbers ensures elastic connection between the frame and axles.
The running gear of modern trucks allows them to move with a high speed along poor and snow roads, to overcome water obstacles and trenches.
Truck controls include steering and brakes. Their function is to control a truck.
The body of the truck is located on the frame and includes driver’s cabin and platform.
The electrical equipment serves for sparking the engine, for feeding indicating devices, for lighting and signaling. The truck electrical equipment consists of electrical power sources, consumers. The power sources are storage battery and generator. The consumers are starter, horn, lighting system. Functioning of the electrical equipment in the truck is controlled by means of instruments mounted on the instrument panel. The electrical equipment is of the signal wire type.
The additional equipment includes winch, cab heater, windshield wipers, and towing gear.
5. Translate the whole text.
6. Answer the questions.
What is ZIL-131 designed for?
What is it used for?
What parts does it consist of?
What is the function of the engine?
What does the chassis include?
What is the function of the transmission?
What does it contain?
What does the running gear include?
What do truck controls include?
What does the electrical equipment serve for?
What does the additional equipment include?
7. Be ready to speak about: engine, chassis, body, electrical equipment, additional equipment.
LESSON 6.
1. Phonetic drill:
Type, panel, to start, cabin, to indicate, platform. To signal, battery, to function, instrument, to control, mixture, function.
2. Make word combinations and translate them:
cargo four-wheel drive
commercial six-wheel
military eight-wheel
cross-country } vehicle all-wheel
all-terrain four-axles
off-road 4 by 4 } truck
right-hand general purpose
left-hand special-purpose
multi-role
middle-weight
medium-duty
heavy-duty
high-mobility
medium-mobility
3. Match the two columns:
Vehicle a road car designed to be drawn along by a motor vehicle.
Truck base frame of a motor car.
Trailer a machine for generating power.
Body IS a means of transport provided with wheels and used for carrying people
and weights.
Chassis a wheeled vehicle for carrying heavy weights.
Engine the hull of a vehicle ship.
4. Divide the words below into 3 columns:
transmission running gear truck controls
frame, brakes, axles, clutch, suspension, steering, gearbox, wheel mover, wheel shafts, cardan drive, engine, final drive, differential.
5. Listen to the text “American Cars”. Try to remember as many details as possible.
Let's take a ride in one of our cars. Do you like music? Some of our cars have stereo radios with cassetteand CD playersin them. Some big cars even have televisions and videomachines! Many people have telephones in their cars too! Have you ever called home from your car?
In our cars we have windows that rollup or down by touching a button. And you can lockand unlockthe doors by pushing a different button.
Almost every car has a heaterand an air conditioner to keep us warm in the winter and coolin the summer.
We love our cars and we spend a lot of time in them. Some cars will tell you the outside temperature and what directionyou are travelling (north, south, east or west). I'veeven seen cars that talk to you! Can you imagine a car telling you to putyour seatbelt on?Most Americans always wear a seatbelt.
6. Look at the picture and identify the parts of the car.
7. Read the definitions and say what it is.
1. You use these when you want to go left or right.
2. You use it to stop.
3. You use it to lessen the effect of collision.
4. You can put luggage in here.
5. You turn this to steer the car.
6. You use this to warn other drivers.
7. You put gas in it.
8. This covers the engine.
9. You turn these on at night.
10. This is the band of rubber on the rim (обод) of the wheel.
LESSON 7.
1. Phonetic drill:
Cargo, cabin, cab, heater, horn, platform, body, winch, battery, truck, chassis, trailer, system, equipment, power, case, running gear, transfer case, vehicle
2. Divide the words below into four groups:
power sources consumers body additional equipment
storage battery, winch, horn, ignition system, cargo platform, generator, cab heater, cabin, starter, towing gear, lighting system, windshield wipers, indicating devices, spare wheel holder
3. What are these components used for? Make sentences according to the model.
Model: Starter servers for …
a. electrical equipment
1. starter a. sparking the fuel-air mixture
2. horn b. inner lighting and distance lighting
3. lighting system c. accumulating the energy
4. generator d. signaling
5. spark plug e. showing the truck speed, the temperature of the cooling liquid
6. storage battery f. charging the storage battery
7. indicating g. starting the engine
b. additional equipment
1. spare wheel holder 1. …………………………..
2. cab heater 2. …………………………..
3. towing gear 3. …………………………..
4. windshield wipers 4. …………………………..
4. Mach the pictures with the words below. Make sentences according to the example.
ex: Number 1 is a … . It is used for …
cargo-side truck, towing truck, cross-country six-vehicle truck, cargo vehicle, special vehicle, prime mover
6. Make a crossword using the following definitions. Add somewhat of your own.
DownAcross:
1. It absorbs the chocks. 1. It connects the wheel with the frame.
2. …………………….. 2. It serves to slow down and stop the vehicle.
3. …………………….. 3. It ensures elastic connection between the
frame and the axles.
4. They serve to control the truck.
5. It mounts the truck units and mechanisms.
6. It accommodate the truck controls, the drive
and passenger.
7. It serves to power the truck.
8. It changes the direction of the truck
LESSON 9.
1. Read and translate the text.
COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
Automobiles are trackless, self-propelled vehicles for land transportation of people or goods, or for moving materials. There are three main types of automobiles. These are passenger cars, buses and lorries (trucks). The automobile consists of the following components: a) the engine; b) the framework; c) the mechanism that transmits the power from engine to the wheels; d) the body.
1. engine2.clutch: 3. gearbox; 4.propeller shaft; 5. final drivegears; 6. disk brake;
7. front axle; 8. rear axle; 9.coil spring suspension; 10.shock absorber;
11. radiator; 12.steering; 13.chassis; 14.body
Passenger cars are, as a rule, propelled by an internal combustion engine. They are distinguished by the horsepower of the engine, the number of cylinders in the engine and the type of the body, the type of transmission, wheelbase, weight and overall length.
There are engines of various designs. They differ in the number of cylinders, their position, their operating cycle, valve mechanism, ignition and cooling system.
Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders, although some four-, twelve-, and sixteen-cylinder engines are used.
An automobile, powered by a petrol engine, begins to operate when the driver turns a flywheel connected to the engine crankshaft. As the crankshaft revolves, a mixture of fuel and air is drawn from a carburetor into the engine cylinders. The ignition system provides the electric sparks that ignite this mixture. The resultant explosions of the mixture turn the crankshaft, and the engine starts moving. By regulating the flow of the fuel and air with a throttle, the driver controls the rotational speed of the crankshaft.
Cooling, electrical ignition and lubrication systems are of great importance for the good performance of a car. The lights, radio and heater add to the flexibility, comfort, and convenience of the car. The indicating devices keep the driver informed as to engine temperature, oil pressure, amount of fuel, and battery charging rate.
Brakes are of drum and disk types. The steering system consists of a manually operated steering wheel which is connected by a steering column to the steering gear from which linkages run to the front wheels. It is difficult to turn the steering wheel, and special hydraulic power mechanisms are used to lessen this effort. Suitable springings are used against shocks. These are leaf springs, coil springs, torsion bars and air suspensions.
Vocabulary;
vehicle – перевозочное средство
framework – корпус, рама
engine - двигатель
clutch – сцепление
gearbox – коробка передач
propeller shaft – карданный вал двигателя
final drive – главная передача
disk brake – дисковой тормоз
front axle – передняя ось
rear axle – задняя ось
suspension - подвеска
shock absorber - амортизатор
radiator - радиатор
steering gear – рулевой механизм
chassis – рама, ходовая часть
body - корпус
propel - двигатель
wheelbase – колесная база, расстояние между осями
flywheel - маховик
carburetor - карбюратор
torsion – кручение, закручивание
throttle - дроссель
drum - барабан
linkage - сцепление
internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
horsepower – лошадиная сила
operating cycle – круговой такт, процесс
valve mechanism – клапанный механизм
ignition system – система зажигания
cooling system – система охлаждения
lubrication system – система смазки
engine crankshaft – коленчатый вал
fuel - топливо
spark - искра
explosion - взрыв
heater – радиатор, печь
indicating device – приборная панель
brakes - тормоза
leaf springs – листовые рессоры
coil springs – пружинные рессоры
torsion bars – торсион
air suspension – пневматическая подвеска
2. Answer the following questions:
I. What types of automobiles do you know?
2. How many cylinders have automobile engines?
3. What components does an automobile consist of?
4. What is a passenger car propelled with?
5. What ignites the mixture of fuel and air?
6. What do the resultant explosions of the mixture do?
7. How does the driver control the rotational speed of the crankshaft?
8. What types of brakes do you know?
3. Translate into Russian paying attention to the word "as ":
1. As the mixture burns, high pressure is created. 2. The automobile uses gasoline as a fuel. 3. As long as the car is in order, you can be carried from one place to another. 4. No special cooling fans are, as a rule, required. 5. Some semiconductors are almost as good conductors as metals.
4. Finish the sentences by choosing the right variant:
l. The mechanism used for stopping the car is ....a) clutch;.
2. The mechanism used for changing the speed is b) gearbox;
c) brakes
3. The mechanism used for connecting (or disconnecting) a) brakes; b) clutch;
the engine from the gearbox is.... c) steering system.
4. The unit carrying the power from the engine to the car wheels is.... a) power plant;
b) power train;
c) chassis.
5. The instrument measuring the speed of the car is.... a) heater,
b)lights;
c)speedometer.
5. Find the equivalents:
1. internal combustion engine a. поршень
2. combustion chamber b. верхняя мертвая точка
3. stroke c. четырехтактный двигатель
4. piston d. коленчатый вал
5. top dead centre e. отверстие клапана
6. bottom dead centre f. двигатель внутреннего сгорания
7. four-stroke cycle engine g. нижняя мертвая точка
8. two-cycle engine h. топливная система
9. crankshaft i. такт впрыска топлива
10. intake stroke j. двухтактный двигатель
11. valve opening k. камера сгорания
12. fuel system l. ход, такт поршня
13. power stroke m. выхлоп
14. exhaust n. рабочий ход поршня
LESSON 10.
1. Phonetic drill:
Modern, certain, constant, fix, tow, gear, easy, speed, range, change, drive, road, wire, wiper, cabin, platform.
2. Finish the sentences according to the example:
Ex: The truck is set in motion by means of engine.
- The torque is transmitted from the engine to the driven wheel …
- The size of the torque is changed …
- The gearbox is connected to the final drive …
- The torque is transmitted to the differential to the driving wheel …
- The direction of the truck is changed …
- The wheels are connected to the frame …
- The axles are connected to the frame …
-
3. Solve the proportions:
running gear ? truck controls
a. frame = transfer case = ?
? chassis ?
b. springs = ? = fuel feed system
body power sources ? additional equipment
c. cabin = ? = lighting system = ? =
?
= consumers
4. Describe a truck using the following expressions:
- Truck is used for …
- It is used for …
- The truck consists of …
- The engine is …
- The transmission transmits …
- It contains …
- The running gear includes …
- All the truck mechanisms are mounted on …
- The running gear allows to …
- Truck controls include …
- The body of the truck is located on …
- The electrical equipment serves for …
- It consists of …
- The additional equipment includes …
LESSON 11.
1. Phonetic drill:
feature, increase, recently, gear, less, mesh, synchromesh, preference, splitter, easier, speed, manufacture,
manual, high, varied, version.
2. Read the text.
GEARBOX.
All modern manual gearboxes have certain features in common. They gear down the engine revolutions to increase the torque output to the driving wheels.
In the past most gearboxes were of the sliding mesh type. More recently makers have manufactured constant mesh gearbox which are less noisy and easier to operate. Many manufacturers have now introduced synchromesh gearbox as well. They give a quicker and much noisy hear change.
In transmission the gearbox for heavy vehicles tended to be range-change designs with synchromesh equipment, but these have not acquired a monopoly. In fact, there is now a growing preference for splitter boxes because they are easier to drive. Also constant-mesh is still in favour because maintenance is reduced.
The preferences are varied. The Swedes stick in synchromesh. Volvo with range-change plus splitter in some cases, while Scandia has a 10-speed splitter for its mid-power models and a 10-speed range-change to take the higher torques. The Z.F. 12-speed synchromesh splitter is used by Seddan Atkinson and D.A.F. and the constant-mesh version is used by M.A.N., while Mercedes-Benz and D.A.F. use the Z.F. 9-speed synchromesh range-change. Bedford uses the Spicer 10-speed constant-mash splitter as does Leyland for the T 45.
- sliding mesh gearbox – коробка передач со скользящими шестернями
- constant mesh gearbox – коробка передач с шестернями постоянного зацепления
- synchromesh gearbox – коробка передач с синхронизаторами
- range-change – с изменяемым диапазоном (передаточных чисел_
- splitter – дополнительная коробка передач (делитель)
2. Ask questions to the text.
3. Let your partner answer your questions.
4. Be ready to retell the text.
LESSON 12.
1. Reading practice.
Gas, cycle, system, diesel, method, mixture, energy, cylinder, kerosene, maximum, carburetor, machine, radial, mechanical, to mix, to form, to classify, to operate.
2. Read and translate word pairs:
a). Work – to work; form to form; heat – to heat; spark – to spark, power – to power
b). A heat engine converts heat energy into mechanical power. An Internal combustion engine is a form of a heat engine. Most vehicles are powered by internal combustion. The engines work on petrol or diesel fuel. Gasoline engines are spark-ignition engines, that is they have an system that sparks the fuel-air mixture. The formed gases are heated greatly and push the piston down. The piston revolves the crankshaft thus doing useful work…
3. Open the brackets by chousing the correct variant.
1. Small engines are normally (air-cooled / water cooled).
2. Larger engines on mostly (air-cooled / water cooled).
3. Passenger cars are commonly powered by (gasoline / diesel / multifuel engines).
4. Modern heavy-duty trucks are usually powered by (gasoline / diesel / multifuel engines).
5. The automotive engines are normally (2-cycle / 4-cycle).
6. The engines of motor cycles are generally (2-cycle / 4-cycle).
7. 8-cylinaer engines are (in-line / V-type).
8. Most 4-cyltnder engines are (in-line / V-type).
4. Study the words, read and translate the text.
to convert -преобразовывать
to call – звать, называть
to burn (burnt) - гореть
inside - внутри
cylinder - цилиндр
reciprocating engine – поршневой двигатель
to push – толкать, надавливать
as a rule - как правило
as follows – следующим образом
petrol - бензин
multifuel - многотопливный
kind - вид, сорт
piston - поршень
stroke – ход, такт
complete - полный, законченный
arrange – располагать, устраивать
outer - внешний
inner - внутренний
overheadvalve - верхнеклапанный
working fluid – рабочая жидкость
to ignite – зажигать, воспламенять
to compress - сжимать
spark - искра
r.p.m. (revolution per minute) – оборот в минуту
gear - механизм
crank gear – кривошипно-шатунный механизм
timing gear – распределительный механизм
to lubricate – смазывать
ENGINES
The engine is the power plant of a vehicle. Engine is a machine for converting any kind of energy into mechanical power. Engine that converts heat energy into mechanical power is called heat engine. Internal combustion engine are heat engines because the fuel burns directly inside the cylinders. Reciprocating engine is an engine where gases are formed and their pressure pushes the piston.
The military trucks are powered as a rule by reciprocating internal combustion engines. Reciprocating internal combustion engines may be classified as followes:
- according to the fuel they work on, as gasoline, diesel, gas and multifuel englines;
- according to the number of piston strokes in one complete working cycle, as two-stroke engines and four-stroke engines;
- according to the number of cylinder, as four-, six-, eight-, ten-, and twelve-cylinder engines;
- according to the arrangement of cylinders as in-line engines, V-engines and star or radial engines;
- according to the working fluid, as compression-ignition engines and spark ignition engine;
- according to mixing, as engines with outer mixing and with inner mixing;
- according to the method of cooling, as liquid-cooled and air-cooled engines.
5. Answer the questions.
- What is the engine in common?
- What is the function of the engine as a machine?
- What engine is called heat one?
- What engine is called reciprocating one?
- What engines are the military trucks powered by?
- What is the classification of reciprocating internal combustion engines?
6. Read one more text, compare the two texts.
THE ENGINE
1. The engine is the source of power that makes the car move. It is usually called an internal combustion engine because gasoline is burned within its cylinders or combustion chambers. Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders.
2. The operating cycle of the four-stroke engine that takes place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four strokes. The upper limit of the piston movement is called the top dead centre. The lower limit of piston movement is called the bottom dead centre. A stroke is the piston movement from the top dead centre to the bottom dead centre, or from the bottom dead centre to the top dead centre. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes the direction of its motion.
3. Where the entire cycle of events in the cylinder requires four strokes (two crankshaft revolutions), the engine is called a four-stroke cycle engine. The four strokes are: intake, compression, power and exhaust.
4. Two-cycle engines have also been made, and in such engines the entire cycle of events is completed in two strokes or one revolution of the crankshaft.
5. On the intake stroke the intake valve is opened. The mixture of air and vaporized gasoline is delivered into the cylinder through the inlet valve.
On the compression stroke the inlet valve is closed so that the mixture can be compressed.
On the power stroke both valves (inlet and exhaust) are closed in order to rise pressure during the mixture combustion.
On the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve is opened to exhaust the residual gas.
7. Answer the questions to the second text:
1. What is the top dead centre?
2. What is the bottom dead centre?
3. When is the engine called a four-stroke cycle engine?
4. When is the engine called a two-cycle engine?
5. What kind of strokes can the events in the engine cylinder be divided into?
8. Finish the sentences:
1. An internal combustion engine is a) inside the combustion chamber;
called so because gasoline is burned.... b) outside the combustion chamber.
2. The upper limit of the piston a) the bottom dead centre;
movement is called.... b) the top dead centre.
3. The lower limit of the piston
movement is called ...
4. The four-cycle engine requires.... a) two strokes of piston movement;
b) four strokes of piston movement.
5. The mixture of air and gasoline a) on the, power stroke;
is delivered into the cylinder.... b) on the exhaust stroke;
c) on the intake stroke;
d) on the compression stroke.
9. Find the equivalents:
I. to deal (with) a. программное обеспечение
2. to elaborate (to work out) programs b. отвечать современным требованиям
3. computer-aided-design c. аппаратная часть
4. computer-aided-manufacturing d. иметь дело с…
5. to meet up-to-date demands (requirements) e. защищать от вирусов
6. software f. автоматизированное проектирование
7. hardware g. предлагать решения
8. to offer solutions h. разрабатывать программы
9. to solve problems i. автоматизированное производство
10. to defend from viruses j. решать проблемы
LESSON 13.
1. Reading drill. Check your memory abilities.
a). an engine
A heat engine
A heat internal combustion engine
A reciprocating heat internal combustion engine
b). It is an engine.
It is a gasoline engine.
It is a water-cooled gasoline engine.
It is a V-type water-cooled gasoline engine.
It is a 4-stroke V-type water-cooled gasoline engine.
It is an 8-cylinder 4-stroke V-type water-cooled gasoline engine.
2. Read and translate the words:
To convert – converter – conversion
To compress – compressor – compression
To mix – mixer – mixture
To cool – cooler – cooling
To press – pressure
To ignite – ignition
To arrange – arrangement
3. Make sentences using different engine characteristics given below:
I. Model …………………………… Kamaz-740
Type of engine ………………….. four stroke, compression-ignition
Number of cylinders …………….. 8
Arrangement of cylinders ……….. 90oV-type
Cooling …………………………... water
II. Model …………………………… Jeguar AS6
Type of engine ………………….. four stroke, diesel
Number of cylinders …………….. 6
Arrangement of cylinders ……….. in-line
Cooling …………………………... liquid
III. Model …………………………… Lotus 910S
Type of engine ………………….. four-stroke, turbocharged diesel
Number of cylinders …………….. 4
Arrangement of cylinders ……….. in-line
Cooling …………………………... liquid
4. Give definitions of the following types of engines using the table.
1. An engine - fuel burns inside the cylinders
producing power.
2. A heat online is a that - converts any kind of energy ito
mechanical power.
3. An interna1 machine where - the piston moves in the cylinder
combustion engine under the pressure of gas.
- converts heat energy into
4. A reciprocating engine mechanical power.
- produces power by burning air and
fuel.
1. A V-type engine - fuel-air mixture is formed in the carburetor.
2. A 4-stroke engine - fuel-air mixture is ignited by a spark.
3. A spark ignition engine - operates on different types of fuel.
4. A water-cooled engine is an that - the cycle of operations consists of 4
engine where strokes.
5. A gasoline engine - water or other cooling liquid circulated
around the cylinders.
6. An engine with outer - the cylinders are arranged in V-form.
mixing
7. A multifuel engine - burned petrol as fuel.
5. Study the picture. Learn the parts of the engine.
Internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
27. rubber collar – резиновая манжета
28. carburetor – карбюратор
30. inlet gas piping – впускной газопровод
31. connection – штуцер
32. 33. valve rocker – коромысло клапана
34. valve rocker stand – стойка коромысла клапана
35. high pressure wire – провод высокого напряжения
36. ignition distributor – распределитель зажигания
37. oil level indicator – указатель уровня масла
39. power shaft – приводной вал
40. fuel pump – топливный насос
42. oil filter – масляный фильтр
43. oil pan – масляный поддон
44. starter – стартер
45. connecting rod – шатун
46. exhaust manifold – выпускной коллектор
LESSON 14.
1. Phonetic drill:
[d] – called, closed, opened
[id] – heated, completed, ignited
[t] – mixed, sucked, compressed
2. Reading drill:
to suck – suction
to move – motion
to form – formation
to compress – compression
to depress – depression
to ignite – ignition
to expend – expansion
to revolve – revolution
to operate – operation
to mix – mixture
to press – pressure
heat – to heat
form – to form
spark – to spark
power – to power
force – to force
3. Read and translate the sentences:
a). 1. The moving piston revolves the crankshaft.
2. The piston moving down the cylinder revolves the crankshaft.
3. The piston moves down revolving the crankshaft.
4. Moving down the cylinder, the piston revolves the crankshaft.
5. During the third, stroke the piston is moving down the cylinder.
b) 1. The mixture burns quickly forming a great amount of heat.
2. The reciprocating notion of the piston is converted into rotating motion of the crankshaft.
3. All gasoline engines of native automobile are operating according to the four-cycle principle.
4. a spark running across the spark plug ignite the fuel-air mixture. .
5. Moving up the cylinder the piston pushes the burnt gases out of the cylinder.
4. Study the words, read and translate the text.
suction - всасывание
TDC - top dead centre – верхняя мертвая точка
BDC - bottom dead centre – нижняя мертвая точка
to reach - достигать
compression - сжатие
working fluid – рабочая жидкость
spark plug – свеча зажигания
expansion - расширение
explosion - взрыв
to revolve – вращать
GASOLINE ENGINE
Cycle of operations.
In a four-stroke cycle gasoline engine the cycle of operations consists of four strokes: suction, compression, power and exhaust.
The first cycle is called suction or induction stroke. During this stroke the piston moves from TDC to the BDC and the fuel-air mixture is sucked through the opened inlet valve
while the exhaust valve is closed. In the cylinder the fuel-air mixture is mixed with
the burnt gases forming the so-called working fluid. As the piston reaches the BDC the
inlet valve is closed.
The second stroke is called compression stroke. The inlet and exhaust valves are closed. The piston moves up compressing the working fluid. The working fluid compression ensures quicker combustion andformation of high gas pressure in the cylinder. The higher compression ratio the higher gas pressure to the piston during combustion and the engine operation is more efficient.
The third cycle is called ignition, expansion or power stroke. When the piston reaches the top of the stroke aspark runs across the spark plug igniting the compressed mixture.
The mixture burns quickly forming a great amount of heat. The gases from the explosion ere heated greatly, expand and push the piston down with considerable force. Moving down the piston revolved the crankshaft. The inlet and outlet valves are still closed. This is the only stroke during which the gas is doing useful work.
The fourth cycle is called exhaust stroke. In this stroke the intaka valve is closed, the outlet valve is opened. The piston moves from the BDC to the TDC pushing out the burnt gases through the exhaust valve. When the piston ranches the top dead centre exhaust valve closes and the cycle of operation is completed.
6. Answer the questions:
1. What are the four-strokes of the cycle of operations in a four-stroke gasoline engine?
2. What is the first cycle called?
3. What is the second stroke called?
4. What is the third cycle called?
5. What is the fourth cycle called?
6. Study the picture. Match the numbers with the words below. Learn the new words.
Engine – двигатель
Internal combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
1. fuel-supply pipe – топливопровод
3. oil pipe – маслопровод
4. oil filter – маслоналивная горловина
5. camshaft – распределительный вал
8. outlet valve – выпускной клапан
9. cover of the head cylinder block – крышка головки блока цилиндров
10. spark plug – свеча зажигания
11. head cylinder block – головка блока цилиндров
12. piston – поршень
13. cylinders block – блок цилиндров
14. flywheel –маховик
17. crankshaft – коленчатый вал
18. oil crankshaft pan – масляный поддон
21. oil pump – масляный насос
23. fan – вентилятор
24. water pump – водяной насос
25. inlet valve – выпускной клапан
LESSON 15.
1. Phonetic drill.
[z] – moves, burns, revolves, ensures
[iz] – reaches, hushes, closes, compresses
[s] – heats, consists, ignites, competes
2. Read and translate the sentences:
a). - The compressed mixture is ignited by a spark.
- The mixture compressed to a high pressure is ignited by a spark.
- When fully compressed the fuel0air mixture is ignited by a spark.
- The fuel-air mixture is compressed by a moving piston.
b). – The burn gases are hushed out of the cylinder.
- A spark from the plug ignites the heated mixture.
- When heated the gases from the explosion expend and hush the piston down.
- The gases formed are heated greatly.
- The third cycle called power stroke is the stroke when the crankshaft is revolved.
- The BDC reached the piston starts moving in the opposite direction.
3. Read and translate the word combinations.
- the piston compressing the mixture
- the compressed mixture
- the spark igniting the mixture
- the ignited mixture
- the revolving crankshaft
- the crankshaft revolved by the moving piston
- the heated gases
4. Find the proper definitions to the words in the left column:
1. stroke a. the position of the piston at the top of the stroke;
2. piston b. the position of the piston at the bottom of the stroke;
3. working fluid c. the part that moves up and down in automotive engine;
4. top dead center d. the ratio of total volume to clearance volume.
5. bottom dead center e. a distance traveled by the piston in the cylinder;
6. compression ratio f. a mixture of fuel, air and burnt gases;
5. Make sentences using the table:
the piston moves up the fuel-air mixture is sucked into the cylinder.
the piston moves down the burnt gases are pushed out of the cylinder.
the inlet valve is open the inlet valve is closed.
When the exhaust valve is open the fuel-air mixture is fully compressed.
the piston reaches the TDC a s