Safeguard guardians beyond protect fostering vigilance

10.6.2 Use the verbs given in brackets in Past Simple to complete the text:

History of Russian Passports and Citizenship

In the 16th— 17th centuries it 1) ….. (be) necessary to obtain a special document

from the tsar which 2) ….. (give) permission to go abroad, since departure from the

country was strictly limited. During the reign of Peter the Great hundreds of young Russians 3) ….. (go) to Western Europe to study. But by the end of the epoch of

Catherine the Great, the State put a lot of obstacles to foreign travel because of the fear

of revolutionary ideas that 4) ….. (can) come from Europe.

Nicholas I 5) ….. (forbid) the education of children abroad and, consequently,

created lots of work for foreign teachers in Russia. It was only Alexander II who

6) ….. (allow) youths to study abroad after reaching age 17. Other restrictions were cancelled in 1881. Young people under age 20 were allowed to leave Russia only if they 7) ….. (have) serious reasons to go, such as education, medical treatment or trade.

The Russian Empire had no domestic passports. They 8) ….. (be) made only for travel abroad and were valid for 5 years. Every 6 years anyone, who was absent from Russia, had to pay a tax, equal to 15 roubles.

10.6.3 Put the verbs in brackets using ing-forms or Participle II:

Soviet period

After 1917 the practice of 1) ….. (issue) passports for travel abroad remained

the same. They were valid for 6 months and then could be 2) ….. (prolong) for an-

other half a year or even a longer period but only by special solicitation. The control over all those who crowed the border was very strict. 3) ….. (accord) to the Rules 4) ….. (adopt) in 1922, one could go abroad only by permission of a special governmental department. At the same time, 5) ….. (gain) the Russian citizenship in 1918 was very simple: a man needed only to apply to the Department of Foreign Affairs. It was only in 1921 that the government took away the citizenship of all those people who had left the country before the revolution and who had been living abroad for five years. The USSR was created in 1922 and in 1924 Soviet citizenship was introduced. Passports were 6) ….. (give) only to those who went abroad. In 1925 three types of documents appeared: diplomatic passports (green), official ones (for those who went abroad for business, they were blue) and passports for other citizens (red). This system was 7) ….. (maintain) almost till the end of the 20th century.

The situation 8) ….. (concern) domestic passports is also worthy of our attention. After 1917 everybody's identity could be 9) ….. (establish) by any document with a photo and a stamp. Until 1923 issuing such documents was a very simple process: every governmental organization had the right lo prepare them. Nevertheless, by the end of the 1920s this anarchy could not be supported anymore and a special commission was 10) ….. (create). The government aimed at resolving three problems at the same time. First of all, to not allow people 11) ….. (live) in the countryside to leave their homes, secondly, to do the same with people m cities and, finally, to control and persecute "enemies" of the Soviet regime. But passports were not given to everyone: only lo inhabitants of cities, workers, and those who lived in a sovkhoz: People in the countryside had no passport and were 12) ….. (prohibit) to leave their village for more than five days. Citizens who were living abroad would not take their interior passports with them. If somebody planned to leave forever, he had to give his documents to a special department.

Unit 11 Why worry about Ethics?

Pre-text Assignments

11.1.1 Read the following verbs and guess their meaning:

diminish obstruct obey solve commit hinder accomplish maintain

11.1.2 Read the words and collocations. Try to memorize them:

illicit trafficking confidence deal determine ultimate stick to the rules code of conduct framework appropriate diligence impartiality unbiased comply with breach gravely prohibited accept bribes penalty habitually fairness accountability integrity

незаконный провоз доверие иметь дело определять абсолютный придерживаться правил кодекс поведения рамки допустимый прилежание, старание, усердие беспристрастность, объективность объективный соответствовать нарушение закона серьезно, здраво запрещенный брать взятки наказание, взыскание, штраф обычно, привычно справедливость ответственность прямота, честность

Read the text about ethics in customs matters

Text A

Why Worry About Ethics?

Сorruption can destroy the efficient functioning of any society and diminish the ability of the Customs Service to accomplish its mission. A corrupt Customs Service will not deliver the revenue that is properly due to the state; it will not be efficient in the fight against illicit trafficking and will obstruct the growth of legitimate international trade and hinder economic development.

Customs has important public responsibilities and must demonstrate high ethical standards to inspire public confidence in the integrity of the service. The community has a right to expect that the behaviour of Customs staff will be in line with their expectations - that is courteous, efficient and above all, ethical.

Ethics deals with the fundamental issues of practical decision-making, and itsmajor concerns include the nature of ultimate value and the standards by which human actions can be judged right or wrong. Ethics is a set of principles which determines standards of personal and professional behaviour. It is not just obeying the law, or sticking to rules and regulations; ethics goes beyond the law to include the way of making and justifying decisions when it is not completely clear what is the right or wrong thing to do.

While there is no set of rules capable of providing answers to all ethical questions which arise, a code of conduct may serve as a guide to solving issues for those working in Customs, and those who have dealings with officers of Customs. In many countries it provides the framework for appropriate conduct in a variety of contexts and establishes standards of behaviour expected of Customs officers. "The Code of Ethics and Conduct Booklet" developed by the Australian Customs Service emphasizes the following issues:

"...Personal Behaviour. Customs officers are to:

perform official duties with skills, care, diligence and impartiality, using authority in a fair and unbiased way;

observe acts, regulations, instructions and lawful directions; provide the public with service in a professional manner;

not take improper advantage of any official information acquired in the course of official duties..."

"Criminal offences. All officers of Customs must comply with the law.

Breaches of criminal law will lead to prosecution and / or disciplinary action...

Offences relating to legislation which Customs administers are regarded most gravely when committed by Customs officers. Customs officers who commit offences involving prohibited drugs, fraud, accepting bribes, or illegal importation or exportation of goods will be subject to disciplinary action, in addition to any penalty applied as a result of criminal proceedings..."

"Gifts or Benefits. The offering of gifts and / or benefits may be seen as anattempt to influence a decision which an officer is required to take. ..."

The Customs Service has no right to public recognition or trust if its staff break the law habitually. Maintaining an environment that encourages ethical behaviour among all Customs staff must be a high priority for each officer. Customs authorities need to promote a culture which includes such values as honesty, fairness, accountability, professionalism and integrity.

The CCC's Arusha Declaration defines integrity as a science concerning discipline, professional ethics, courtesy, personal integrity and strictness.

It is important that Customs officials establish a code of conduct involving rewards and punishments which should lead to self -discipline and that all staff demonstrate an exemplary level of personal ethics to project an image of Customs that is above reproach. (3000 symbols)

11.2.1 Are the following words positive (+) or negative (-)?

to accomplish	illicit	breaches
to obstruct	courteous	diligence
to hinder	unbiased	impartiality
to obey	corrupt	bribes
to comply with	fair	accountability
to justify	improper	reproach

11.2.2 Choose the verbs from below that collocate with the following nouns.

deliver, win, adopt, settle, face, betray, generate, pay, solve, obey, tackle, impose, enforce, shake, produce, inspire, rescind, violate, collect, to be subject to

1) _____ revenue 2) _____ law 3) _____ issue

4) ______ confidence 5) _____ penalty

11.2.3 Make up sentences matching up the two halves:

1 Corruption     2 Ethics   3 Customs officers   4 The Arusha Declaration   5 The community…   6 A code of conduct...     7 Offences ...     8 A corrupt Customs Service…

a. who commit offences involving prohibited drugs, fraud, accepting bribes, or illegal importation or exportation of goods will be subject to disciplinary action. b. has the right to expect that the behaviour of Customs staff will be in line with their expectations. c. are regarded most gravely when committed by Customs officers. d. can destroy the efficient functioning of any society. e. will not be efficient in the fight against illicit trafficking. f. defines integrity as a science concerning discipline, professional ethics, courtesy, personal integrity and strictness. g. is a set of principles which determines standards of personal and professional behaviour. h. provides the framework for appropriate conduct in a variety of contexts and establishes standards of behaviour expected of Customs officers.

11.2.4 Group the following words and phrases into 3 families:

revenue	fraud	regulations
behaviour	penalty	prohibited drugs
breaches	to judge	to justify
courteous	a set of principles	disciplinary action
offences	to obey	trafficking
framework	to comply with	punishment

A code of conduct	Customs Responsibilities	Law