Preschools: kindergartens, day-care centers, parent-run groups, preparatory schools, play groups.
A person is the smallest element of a society (a community).
Human physical appearanceimplies how a person looks like. All the people are different, and, actually, every person is an individual. Physical attractiveness affects the development of personality, social relations, personal life, career, mental and moral condition, and possibilities in life. Some features of human appearance are genetically in-born, whereas others are acquired during a lifetime and are the result of age, lifestyle, disease or accident. Some features of appearance can be linked to ethnicity. Different cultures place different emphasis on physical appearance and its importance to social status and financial position. Humans living across the globe vary by their height, weight, the colour of eyes, hair and skin, and type of body shape. Humans prefer to define their social and ethnic identity by means of clothing, headgear, footwear, accessories, decorations and body modifications.
Characteris a combination of an individual’s stable moral qualities, virtues and principles, distinguishing one individual from another identifying their cultural and social adherence. The nature of character is a debatable issue. There have always existed a lot of ambiguous and controversial theories and approaches to the essence of character and its compounds (elements). Yet, it is generally admitted that the process of character development comprises such factors as heredity, childhood experience, adult modeling, peer influence, physical and social surroundings, media, educational establishments, and specific life situations. It is the truth universally acknowledged that virtue is based on self-esteem and self-confidence; however hostility is formed by lack of love and consideration.
Any person is a social phenomenon and cannot function alone. A person preferably functions as a part of a whole (any social group, an educational group, an organization, a political party, a religious group, and a family).
A family can be defined as a group of people united by the ties of marriage, blood, or adoption, constituting a single household and interacting with each other in their respective social positions, usually those of spouses, parents, children, and siblings. The essence of a family is the parent-child relationship. Basically, a nuclear family consists of two married adults and their offspring, usually living in a private and separate dwelling. Sometimes the family includes not only the parents and their unmarried children living at home but also children that have married, their spouses, and their offspring, and possibly elderly dependents as well; such an arrangement is called an extended family.Family forms:aNUCLEAR FAMILY, an EXTENDED FAMILy, a ONE-PARENT FAMILY, a RECONSTITUTED FAMILY, a SAME SEX FAMILY, a FOSTER FAMILY.
Health Issues: Despite incredible improvements in health since 1950, there are still some challenges, which should be solved. In developed and developing countries one billion people lack access to medical treatment and medicine. Diseases can be either preventable or non-preventable, causing death globally: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) / malnutrition / infectious (catching) diseases / sexually-transmitted diseases / tuberculosis / meningitis / bronchitis / pneumonia / sepsis / malaria / measles / cancer / mumps / small pox / flu. Even the citizens who receive medical service die annually or get some kind of disability. Thus, immunization, active lifestyle, healthy eating habits, regular examination, and keeping to some hygienic norms can help eliminate or at least decrease the amount of diseases and deaths globally.
Education is the process of accumulating, processing and transmitting knowledge, skills, customs, values, beliefs, information from one generation to another. The purposes of education are: teaching how to think, developing reasoning of life issues, mastering the methods of scientific research, cultivating the intellect, creating positive changes, developing physical and mental abilities, and forming the basis for future life and career development. Education can be either informal or formal. People usually aquire informal knowledge in the family, from life situations, books, mass media (newspapers, magazines, television, the Internet), friends, and acquaintances. Formal education is usually obtained at an educational establishment.
Educational institutions teach students according to the curriculum (a set of courses, offered at a school or university), compiled following the Federal Standard. During an academic year students are provided with a time-table (a schedule), compiled according to the curriculum. The timetable includes some subjects which are parts of such academic disciplines as, for example, natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, social sciences, humanities, and applied sciences.
The stages of education
Preschools: kindergartens, day-care centers, parent-run groups, preparatory schools, play groups.
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 5–7 years of education, starting at the age of five or six, although this varies among, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children are enrolled in primary education, and in many countries, it is compulsory (obligatory / mandatory) for children to receive primary education. Each year the proportion of children who get primary education is rising under the Education For All program driven by UNESCO, as most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2019.
Secondary schools: In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. In some countries these schools are divided into two types: comprehensive (for most pupils) and grammar (for smart pupils) schools. On completion of 9 grades pupils can either proceed with their studies at a high school (старшие классы средней школы) or go to gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges, or vocational schools (пту). Schools can also be public (government-sponsored/ free schools) and private (students have to pay the tuition fee). Alternative education = homeschooling
Higher education is a non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a secondary school. According to European standards, higher education, characterized as a tertiary education system, is organized in a three cycle structure, comprising undergraduate (Bachelor of Arts / of Sciences), graduate (Master of Arts / of Sciencies), and postgraduate education (PhD = Doctor of philosophy), as well as vocational education and training (a hairdresser, a pilot, a nurse, a construction worker, a carpenter, a smith, a locksmith, an accountant, a real estate agent). Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide Higher education. Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent, like Yale, Harvard, Stanford Universityies – the tuition fees there are really high, they can be public and State governed, or they can be independent but State funded. Students can study for free, have a scholarship, or pay tuition fees. When students graduate a higher educational establishment they receive certificates, diplomas, and academic degrees.
A job is a regular activity performed in exchange for payment. A person usually begins a job by becoming an employee, volunteering, or starting a business. The duration of a job may range from an hour to a lifetime. The activity that requires a person's mental or physical effort is work. If a person is trained for a certain type of job, they may have a profession. The series of jobs a person holds in their life is their career. Generally people spend a good portion of their time doing a regular occupation. Some exceptions are being a student, disabled, retired or working in a creative field. Types of jobs There are a variety of jobs: full time work, part time work, temporary work, seasonal work, working shifts, and self-employment. People might have a chosen occupation for which they have received training or a degree. Those who do not have a steady job may be unemployed. Some people might have additional jobs, often at night, in addition to one's main job, usually to earn extra income. To apply for a job people can compile a CV (a curriculum vitae / a resume) and send it to a potential employer. Then the employer invites the potential employee to a job interview. If a person suits all the requirements, the employer can hire the person for a trial period. If a person doesn’t suit the requirements of the company, the boss can fire the person or make the person redundant. A Career describes an individuals' journey through learning, work and other aspects of life. If one makes a career one can be promoted (climb a career ladder). People can be either career-oriented or family minded. Yet the best option is to combine both trends.
Originating from a Latin word (cultura), meaning to cultivate/to grow, culture can be defined either as the excellence of taste and knowledge in all spheres of human activity or as the set of common attitudes, values, goals, customs, morals, codes, traditions and practices that characterizes an institution, organization, group, community from a specific time and place. Contemporary civilization has enhanced the meaning of culture with such aspects as cinema, hobbies, leisure, pastime, communication culture (talking on the phone, text messaging, a computer, the internet, social networks), physical culture (sports (professional / amateur) and keeping fit), and corporative culture (at work).
A religion can be defined as a set of organized beliefs based on humanity's attempt to explain the universe and natural phenomena by means of the relationship between natural and supernatural aspects of reality. Originating from the Latin word religare, meaning "to join, or link" a religion reveals that a person adheres to some system of beliefs. Some scientists have agreed that there are 4 major religions distinguished all over the world: Christianity (Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants), Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Religions have behaviors, clergy, holy places, holy scriptures, symbols, rituals, sermons, feasts, festivals, matrimonial services, and sacred histories that are intended to explain the meaning of life, the origin of life or the Universe, and the role of humans in those processes. People derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle.