Сложные существительные с элементами -man и -woman
Названия представлений многих национальностей, а также профессий и занятий имеют в качестве второго элемента man человек и woman женщина, а во множественном числе - men, women (см. урок 2).
| Frenchman, Frenchwoman | француз, француженка |
| postman | почтальон |
| brakeman (brake тормоз) | тормозной кондуктор |
Упражнение в чтении
Прочтите вслух примеры, которыми кончается раздел о -ing-form (выше), учитывая, что в сочетании герундий + существительное первый элемент имеет более сильное ударение.
Текст
А теперь прочтите и переведите следующий текст. Новые слова.
WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT SHAKESPEARE
(continued)
II
It is known when and how and just why Shakespeare left Statford. How can we explain this fact? Some writers think that he joined a company of actors. But it seems more natural to suppose that he left his native town because his father's business was in a bad way (1) and his own family was growing, What was natural, under the circumstances, than moving to London?
Probably he walked through Oxford ['Oksfqd] or bought a horse, selling it when he came to London. Some writers believe that having come to the capital Shakespeare found a job at a printer's shop or a lawyer's office, but it is more probable that he found a job connected with the theatre, either as a call-boy (2) in the building itself or as one of those who held horses on which noble young men of the city came to the theatre. That he turned to the theatre rather than to business is not strange. Companies of actors had often visited Statford when William was a boy. Indeed, the people of his native town seem to have been fond of the drama. It was a time of growing interest in the theatre. When Shakespeare was born in 1564 there was not a single theatre building in London. At the time of his death, fifty-two years later, there were at least nine, because of the development of the drama.
We know almost nothing about the first six years Shakespeare spent in the capital. But is certain that he became an actor before he wrote for the stage. As an actor he was learning in the best possible school - the stage; as an author he probably tried his hand (3) by writing bits for the plays of older playwrights. Without friends, without money, with a wife and children, he became known as a writer only in 1593. His first printed works were two long poems. The poems having been published without a name on title-page, we know their author only because dedication to Earl of Southampton (4) was signed "William Shakespeare".
Both as actor and playwright, Shakespeare's fame rapidly increased after 1594; in fact, in eight years that followed he rose to the height of his powers. Juliet, Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Hamlet, Measure for Measure and other great plays, two poems and 154 sonnets. Together they are the most remarkable body (5) of work that every came from human mind.
As an actor, he did not continue to be good, and from his sonnets it is clear that he thoroughly disliked this part of work. Being tired of it, he did not appear on the stage after 1604.
Although Shakespeare made London his home/it is probable that he often visited Stratford, where his family continued to live. to 1611, at the height of his fame, he returned to Stratford twenty-six years after he had left it.
In the early spring of 1616 Shakespeare's youngest daughter, Judith-['GudiT] was married. A month later he made his will and on April 23, 1616, he died. That date, April 23, was also the date on which he was born fifty-two years before. William Shakespeare was buried in a fine old church a Stratford and over the place where he lies, may still be seen the lines, written by himself:
| "Good friend, for Jesus' sake (6) forbear |
| To dig the dust, enclosed here; |
| Blessed be the man that spares these stones |
| And cursed be he that moves my bones." |
The bodies of many great Englishmen lie buried at Westminster Abbey in the capital of England. Bur, because of these lines, the grave of William Shakes-peare in the beautiful church by the river he loved has remained unopened.
After What We Know About Shakespeare
by Samuel Thurber and Adelaide Whitham
Примечания
(1) in a bad way - было в плохом состоянии
(2) a call-boy (2) мальчик, вызывающий актера на сцену (ср. call в уроке 4)
(3) tried his hand пробовал свои силы, упражнялся
(4) Earl [q:l] of Southampton [sauT'xmptqn] Граф Соутгемптон, меценат эпохи Елизаветы I
(5) body зд. имеет значение масса, объем
(6) for Jesus' ['Gi:zqs] sake... - ради Иисуса... Сочетание for ... sake означает ради. Между этими словами ставятся существительные или местоимения, отвечающие на вопрос чей? Например: Do it for his sake. -Сделайте это ради него. Do it for children's sake. - Сделайте это ради детей.
Даем дословный перевод всей стихотворной эпитафии:
| "Добрый Друг, ради Христа, воздержись |
| раскапывать прах погребенного здесь. |
| Благословен будь человек, который пощадит эти камни. |
| И проклят тот, кто потревожит эти кости". |
Анализ слов
Слова author, company по значению аналогичны русским словам автор, компания. Сравните также следующие английские слова с их родственниками в русском языке: family семья (ср. фамилия, семейное имя), human человеческий (ср. гуманизм, человеколюбие); office кон-тора (ср. официальный). Существительное capital означает столица, а также капитал. Title заглавие может также означать титул. Глагол to sign подписывать и существительное a sign знак восходят к латинскому signum знак, т.е. к корню, который мы видим в русских словах сигнал, сигнализировать.
Сравнивая слово grave могила с русским словом гроб, заметьте не только внешнее сходство, но и различие в значении.
Заметьте многозначное слово shop магазин, мастерская, цех, глагол to shop значит ходить по магазинам за покупками.
Некоторые новые слова состоят из известных вам элементов; сравните development развитие с to develop развивать; dislike не любить с like любить; lawyer юрист с law закон, право.
Существительное bit кусочек в сочетании с неопределенным артиклем приобретает значение немного; not a bit значит нисколько.
I am a bit tired. Я немного устал.
I am not a bit tired. Я вовсе не устал.
Rather выражает некоторую неопределенную степень качества и переводится довольно, несколько: His pictures are rather good. Его картины довольно хороши (неплохи); I feel rather better today. Я сегодня чувствую себя несколько лучше. Сочетание rather than выражает предпочтительность и переводится лучше чем, скорее в предложениях такого типа: They died rather than surrender. Они предпочли умереть, чем сдаться. В тексте вы читаете: that he turned to the theatre rather than to business is not strange - что он обратился к театру, а не к коммерции, не представляется странным.
О слове unopened мы говорили в разделе о причастии (см. также раздел об отрицательных приставках в уроке 14). О словах Englishman и to enclose вы читали в разделе "Словообразование"; слово sake разобрано в примечании 6.
| Слово | Транскрипция | Перевод | Звук |
| author | [ 'O:Tq ] | автор, писатель | |
| bit | [ bit ] | кусочек, эпизод | |
| bless | [ bles ] | благословить | |
| bone | [ boun ] | кость | |
| bury | [ 'beri ] | хоронить, зарывать в землю | |
| capital | [ 'kxpitq ] | столица, капитал | |
| circumstance | [ 'sq:kqmstqns ] | обстоятельство | |
| company | [ kAmpqni ] | компания, обшество, труппа | |
| curse | [ kq:s ] | проклинать, проклятье | |
| death | [ deT ] | смерть | |
| dedication | [ ,dedi'keiSn ] | посвящение | нет |
| development | [ di'velqpment ] | развитие | |
| dig | [ dig ] | рыть, копать | |
| dislike | [ dis'laik ] | не любить, питать отвращение | |
| enclose | [ in'klouz ] | заключать, вкладывать | |
| fame | [ feim ] | слава, знаменитость | |
| family | [ 'fxmili ] | семья | |
| fond | [ fOnd ] | любящий | |
| be fond (of) | лючить, быть привызанным | нет | |
| forbear | [ fO:'bFq ] | воздерживаться | нет |
| grave | [ greiv ] | могила | |
| horse | [ hO:s ] | лошадь | |
| human | [ 'hju:mqn ] | человеческий, человек | |
| lawyer | [ 'lO:jq ] | юрист, адвокат | |
| office | [ Ofis ] | контора, канцелярия, ведомство | |
| page | [ peiG ] | страница | |
| [ print ] | печатать, шрифт, печать, отпечаток, след | ||
| rather | [ 'ra:Dq ] | скорее, довольно | |
| sake | [ seik ] | for ... sake ради | нет |
| sell | [ sel ] | продавать | |
| shop | [ SOp ] | магазин, цех, мастерская | |
| sign | [ sain ] | подписывать, знак | |
| single | [ 'siNgl ] | единственный, одинокий | |
| sonnet | [ 'sOnit ] | сонет | нет |
| spare | [ spFq ] | пощадить | |
| stage | [ steiG ] | сцена, стадия | |
| suppose | [ sq'pouz ] | предполагать | |
| theatre | [ 'Tiqtq ] | театр | |
| tired | [ 'taiqd ] | усталый | |
| title | [ 'taitl ] | заглавие, звание, титул | |
| unopened | [ An'qupqnd ] | невскрытый | нет |
| will | [ wil ] | воля, завещание | |
| young | [ jAN ] | молодой |
Упражнения
1. Составьте таблицу сложных форм причастия от стандартного глагола to compare сравнивать и нестандартного глагола to bring приносить. За образец возьмите таблицу в начале урока.
2. В следующих предложениях подчеркните герундий одной чертой, а причастия двумя. Определите форму причастий, пользуясь таблицей, данной в начале урока, и переведите предложения:
1. Joining a group of friends, we went to the Black Sea. 2. His family growing, William had to earn more money. 3. Having come to the capital he found a job at a printer's shop. 4. Having been educated at a free Grammar School, Shakespeare knew Latin. 5. Being fond of the theatre, I often go to see new plays. 6. Knowing almost nothing about the first six years Shakespeare spent in London, we are certain that his job was connected with the stage. 7. He tried his hand by writing bits for old plays. 8. Having no friends in the town, he often was in difficulties. 9. He did not like going to a lawyer's office. 10. It was a time of growing interest in the drama. 11. His first printed work was a long poem. 12 The dedication being signed, we know who the author of the poem was. 13. His life's work done, he returned to his native town. 14. Shakespeare's body lies buried at Statford.
3. Распределите слова на 13 пар антонимов:
buy, life, late, to be born, sell, open, death, early, to die, bad, single, young far, good, dislike, near, low, bless, old, be fond (of), strange, high, ordinary, curse, close, married
4. Распределите слова на 8 пар синонимов:
the capital, print, single, love, one, under, entirely, the main city, publish, be fond (of), educate, town, thoroughly, teach, city, below
5. Перепишите предложения, выбрав из стоящих в скобках слов одно, нужное по смыслу, и переведите предложения:
I went into a (shop, magazine) to buy a dress. He (thought, though) you were at home. He came (though, through) I had told him I should not be at home. The ship went into the dock (through, thoroughly) a gate. The sky is (above, alone) us. You cannot do it (alone, along).