Republicans' Principles and Beliefs

Republicans believe:

• the strength of the nation lies with the individual and that each person's dignity, freedom, ability and responsibility must be honoured.

• equal rights, equal justice and equal opportunity for all, regardless of race, creed, sex, age or disability must be strictly observed.

• free enterprise and increasing individual initiative have brought the nation

opportunity, economic growth and prosperity.

• that the proper role of government is to provide for the people only those criti­cal functions that cannot be performed by individuals or private organizations, and that the best government is that which governs least.

• that the most effective, responsible and responsive government is government closest to the people.

• that Americans must retain the principles that have made the nation strong while developing new and innovative ideas to meet the challenges of changing times.

• that Americans value and should preserve the national strength and pride while working to extend peace, freedom and human rights throughout the world.

.Canada
Spanning 6 time zones C is 2nd largest country, covering the area of 9,960,555 square km, but 30000 mil people has meant sparseness. Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories; in turn, these may be grouped into regions. Western Canada consists of British Columbia and the three Prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba). Central Canada consists of Quebec and Ontario. Atlantic Canada consists of the three Maritime provinces (New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia), along with Newfoundland. Three territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut) make up Northern Canada. Provinces have more autonomy than territories. In the east there are 4 Maritime Provinces(small in population, French & ritish population, many fishermen): Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland. l.NS , capital: Halifax most important port. 2.NB(Fredericton) much of its western & northern border is formed by the gulf of st.Lawrence. 3.PEI [Chariottown)in the gulf of st.Lawrence. 4.Newfoundland* St.John's) two parts; Newfoundland &Labrador. 5.Quebec(Quebec City) is largest in territory(-French Canada). Here is Montreal (2nd largest city).Heavily populated.
6 Ontario(Toronto) is largest in population. Most important economically
The Prairie provinces: 7Manitoba(Winnipeg), 8Saskatchewan (Regina), 9.Alberta(Edmonton) -agriculture- major, mineral wealth, natural gas, oil. 10British Columbia (Victoria) and Vancouver.
The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's social programs [such as health care, education, and welfare) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas. Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. Each system is similar, while reflecting regional history, culture and geography. British North America Act. There were independent provinces, but British North America sought some solid union of all territories especially in the light of the USA(real danger, though the boundary had Been fixed by the treaty after the war in 1812). The solution was Confederation. The initiators of it - Fathers of Confederation, met in 1864 in Charlestown to work out details. The eventual result was the British North America Act of 1867 which brought about confederation of the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia &New Brunswick. The idea of a federal system with one central government for each of the provinces was accepted by 4 founding provinces. Constitution act in 1867: colonies were welcome to join Canada in the future.

8.2 and 9.USA. Analyze growing antagonism between the North and the South. Examine the chief events of the Civil war, its consequences.
1820 - the American Congress agreed on a compromise on the question of slavery in the new state of Missouri and the Arkansas territory. Slavery was permitted here, but banned everywhere west and north of Missouri-. But it wasn't fulfilled in a proper way.

1850 - the Congress passed an unpopular Act which gave the southern slave-owners the right to catch and return the slaves who had run away to the free states.
1854 - the Congress permitted the settlement of American citizens on the territory of Nebraska and Kansas and allowed the inhabitants to solve the question of slavery within these territories themselves which was against the Missouri Compromise of 1820. As a result - struggle between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers. The struggle in Kansas spread to other parts of the country, 1859 - in Virginia John Brown who was against slavery tried to raise a revolt of the black slaves. The attempt was crushed by the government, J.B. was executed. The antislavery movement became a mass movement in the country. In 1854 during the period of struggle in Kansas the Republican Party was formed. It united the industrialists of the North, the free fanners and many inhabitants of the towns who were all against slavery. Abraham Lincoln became a leading figure in the party. In 1860- the R. Party won the presidential elections and A.L. became the president ofthe USA. The south decided to leave the American Union. In December 1860 South. Carolina announced that it was leaving the Union. Soon it was joined by 10 more southern states. These 11 states proclaimed themselves an independent nation - the Confederate States of America with its own president,, government and army. The American Civil war begin (1860-65). January 1 1864 - Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation, granted freedom to all slaves.

1863, summer - Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania is stopped at Gettysburg in July where the greatest battle of the Civil War took place which eventually led to the victory Of the North [general Grant). 1865, April 9- General Lee surrendered to General Grand at Appomattox and the Civil War was over. 1865 - Lincoln is assassinated by John Booth during the celebrations in Washington. 1865 - Slavery abolished by Amendment XIII to the Constitution. Consequences: abolition of slavery USA is a single united nation

The victory of North contributed to the further development of the US & Great progress in the development of industry, trade, agriculture.

Explain the social and cultural differences between the USA and Europe the reasons and aftereffects.
Americans find it much more difficult to socialize and interact than Europeans, they have different ways of making friends, finding jobs, interacting at the office. The social systems are vastly different, and there are religious differences.
1} Americans are outwardly very friendly, BUT their friendliness is only on the surface

2) Americans generally do not like 'get¹ satire, "is just a waste of time by
those who have nothing substantive to say."

3) Many Americans are very family-oriented . Many new expects report exhaustion trying to keep up with all the things to do with the kids when they come to the states.

4) The majority of Americans have never been abroad. American media does not speak much about Europe, let alone the rest of the world, On the converse, the United States is a huge country.
Many Americans feel they simply haven't seen enough of their own country to warrant travelling abroad to
see another country. To add, many people just don't get enough holiday time to make it financially worthwhile
travelling abroad, a live to work rather than a work to live outlook on life.

5) Most Americans are proud to boast of Scottish or Irish or German or Italian ancestry, even if it has been centuries since anyone in their family lived overseas. Many Americans like to remember this not because 'they like the Old Country' but they like to show that their family was once immigrants who dreamed of a better life 'in America'. By pointing out that fact , many feel they are honouring and meeting their ancestors wishes and dreams

7.USA Expand on the basic values of the American nation. Explain their importance. Expand on the notion "the frontier heritage”, the heroes. What is political correctness?
7 values:

- material wealth

- lack of formality

- hard work

- individual freedom

- self reliance

- equal opportunity to succeed

- equal competitions

The heritage of the frontier is still very much alive in the USA today. The frontier spirit is one of the national values of America. The frontier experience began when the first colonists settled on the east coast of North America in 1600s. It ended about 1890 when the last western lands were settled. The American frontier consisted of the unsettled regions of the US, usually found in the western part of the country. Here, both land and life were more rough or rugged and primitive than in the more settled eastern parts. By settling one frontier area after another, Americans moved across the whole continent, about 4,500 km wide. Americans considered the frontier, its life and its people as the best examples of their most important values. The frontier gave many examples of hard work, as forests were cut and towns grew up. There was much adventure on the western frontier. The rush for gold in California, for silver in Montana, and for good land in all the western territories provided endless stories of adventure. The frontiersman depended on himself. He had to build his own house, hunt, look after the farm, make his own clothes and the things which he needed for his home. The hero is a man who is physically strong, tough and rugged because of frontier life, kind and polite to women and children, very independent.

There are 2 types of heroes: of the-early period before the civil war - the main struggle was against the wilderness or the forces of nature.

Daniel Boone. Explored the wilderness in Kentucky in the 1760s and 1770s. in 1778 was captured by Indians, -who were so impressed with his physical strength and skills that made him a member of their tribe. Later he managed to escape. He became a hero because he was a brave man who conquered the wilderness.

The second period - 1860s until the end of the 19th century. The struggle of man against man.

The hero of this period is a strong, tough man who can easily defeat two or three men at one time, a defender of good against evil. Jesse James and Wyatt Earp.
Polite correctness: it’s concerned with avoiding attitudes, actions, forms of expression, which suggest prejustice and are likely to offend people. Human being instead of man Miss - miss and missis Afro-American - black Native American – Indian. With limited physical abilities – invalid With limited mental abilities - fool

6. USA Discuss the reasons, development and consequences of the War of Independence [1775 - 1783) .

Reasons:

Britain introduced to the colonies heavy taxes, without their agreement "No taxation without representation" Large distanse between Br & USA

1765 - Stamp Act. Great opposition. December 1773 - Boston tea party, a group of colonists boarded British ships in Boston harbour. The ships were loaded with tea. They threw 342 crates of tea into the waters of the harbour to protest against the tea tax. Closing of the port of Boston to all outside trade by the British government and sending more troops to the colonies.

April 19, 1775 - 700 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize an arms depot in the town of Concord.

May 1775- The Congress of representatives of the colonies met in

Philadelphia and began to act as a national government.

July, 4, 1776 - Declaration of Independence was adopted be the Congress. Tomas Jefferson democrat prepared. Proclaimed the independence of the 13 American colonies from Britain.

1776 - the British Army took New York.
1777 - Philadelphia.

October 1777 - the British Army under General John Burgoyne suffered heavy defeat at Saratoga in northern New York and surrendered,

1781 – Cornwallis surrendered. Commandment - George Washington.

September 1773 – Britain finally recognized the independence of the USA by singing the Treaty of Paris.

Consequences:

all the territory north of Florida, south of Canada and east of the Mississippi

river formed the US of America. The 13 colonies were now free and

independent. The American people are proud of their heroic revolutionary struggle for independence -

1787 - the American Constitution was drawn up in Philadelphia which with its 26 amendments is in force at the present time. The first president - G. Washington A new capital - Washington
1800 - USA began to develop rapidly