Purpose or focus

- The present paper aims at …

- The following study is concerned with…

- The aim of the paper is to provide an up-to-date account of/for…

- This study attempts to quantify ….

- Within the framework of….., various attributes are identified, weighted and quantified for..

- The present paper deals with the reason why …..

- The primary objective of the study is/was

- The present study was conducted to ascertain the response/influence of……

- Different types of ….. have been (were) examined and a relationship between …… was established

- This paper describes the basic features of a…..system, considers some important aspects in detail, outlines the advantages and limitations of the system and indicates how it can be used.

- It may be suggested that…

- It must be admitted that…

- It might be natural to assume that…

- It may be assumed to be a working hypothesis…

- One may put forward a working hypothesis to explain….

Topicality/Motivation

- The problem raised by… assumed a place of prime importance….

- It assumed world-wide importance….

- The significance of this work can hardly be overestimated…..

- It has been a favourite subject for dispute among scholars…

- It is important to realize…

- The problem of … is one of the most important…

- The problem of … has not lost its topical significance…

- The problem has become more acute: it took a new form….

- It is the major theme of macroeconomics…

- A comprehensive study of … is the key to solving the problem…..

- At present there is a growing interest in …

- The current interest in the problem lies in …

Research methods

- These factors require to be analyzed in two different ways

- According to the ……theory the …..process can be calculated by different methods…..

- In order to check the accuracy of the results obtained from ….. they were compared with . ..

- The method of investigation is …..

- The method is based on the idea that ….

- An analogical approach will help to distinguish a few common features…

- The most promising approach is a complete/comparative/detailed/typological analysis of…

- The analysis can be expanded to …..

Results and findings

- To carry out a comparative assessment of….., it is necessary to state some basic parameters

- It may be further assumed that …….

- The data indicate clearly that………

- Based on the data for ….., it is found that…..

- A comparison of /between….. and….. reveals that…..

- Two lines of development can be traced…..

- It has been traced back to…..

- It is possible to trace the influence of … on…

- This explains much of what followed…..

- It explains the way of the development……