The hazards of bare branches

Throughout human history, young men have been responsible for the vast preponderance of crime and violence—especially single men in countries where status and social acceptance depend on being married and having children, as it does in China and India. A rising population of frustrated single men spellstrouble.

The crime rate has almost doubled in China during the past 20 years of rising sex ratios, with stories abounding of bride abduction, the trafficking of women, rape and prostitution. A study into whether these things were connected concluded that they were, and that higher sex ratios accounted for about one-seventh of the rise in crime. In India, too, there is a correlation between provincial crime rates and sex ratios. The social problems of biased sex ratios could even lead to more authoritarian policing. Governments must decrease the threat to society posed by these young men. Increased authoritarianism in an effort to crack down on crime, gangs, smuggling and so forth can be one of the results.

Violence is not the only consequence. In parts of India, the cost of dowries is said to have fallen. Where people pay a bride price that price has risen. During the 1990s, China saw the appearance of tens of thousands of “extra-birth guerrilla troops”—couples from one-child areas who live in a legal limbo, shifting restlessly from city to city in order to shield their two or three children from the authorities’ balefuleye. And, according to the World Health Organisation, female suicide rates in China are among the highest in the world (as are South Korea’s). Suicide is the commonest form of death among Chinese rural women aged 15-34 who cannot live with the knowledge that they have killed their baby daughters.

Some of the consequences of the skewed sex ratio have been unexpected. It has probably increased China’s savings rate. This is because parents with a single son save to increase his chances of attracting a wife in China’s ultra-competitive marriage market. About half the increase in China’s savings in the past 25 years can be attributed to the rise in the sex ratio.

Over the next generation, many of the problems associated with sexselection will get worse. The social consequences will become more evident because the boys born in large numbers over the past decade will reach maturity then. Meanwhile, the practice of sex selection itself may spread because fertility rates are continuing to fall and ultrasound scanners reach throughout the developing world.

Yet the story of the destruction of baby girls does not end in deepest gloom. At least one country—South Korea—has reversed its cultural preference for sons and cut the distorted sex ratio. There are reasons for thinking China and India might followsuit. Though it takes a long time for social norms favouring sons to alter, and though the transition can be delayed by the introduction of ultrasound scans, eventually change will come. Modernisation not only makes it easier for parents to control the sex of their children, it also changes people’s values and undermines those norms which set a higher store on sons. At some point, one trend becomes more important than the other.

Though the two giants are much poorer than South Korea, their governments are doing more than it ever did to persuade people to treat girls equally (through anti-discrimination laws and media campaigns). The unintended consequences of sex selection have been vast. They may get worse. But, at long last there seems to be an incipient turnaround in the phenomenon of “missing girls” in Asia.

COMPREHENSION ASSIGNMENTS

A. In pairs, discuss how you understand the clauses/sentences below. If still in doubt, discuss them as a class.

1. … when baby girls don’t count.

2. Former communist countries … have been following suit …

3. The surplus of bachelors in a rich country has sucked in brides from abroad.

4. … the road to normal sex ratios is winding and bumpy.

5. “Raising a daughter is like watering your neighbours’ garden.”

6. A rising population of frustrated single men spellstrouble.

7. … couples from one-child areas who live in a legal limbo, shifting restlessly from city to city in order to shield their two or three children from the authorities’ balefuleye.

B. Answer the questions on the text.

1. What countries/regions have skewed male/female ratios?

2. What do these sexual disparities result from? What facts prove that they don’t stem from ‘backward thinking’?

3. What are the current and likely consequences of the distorted sex ratio?

4. What is being done and can be done to reverse the trend?

Speak Up

DISCUSSION QUESTION

Do you think the trend discussed in the article has any implications for international politics?

FOLLOW-UP

A. Make a three-minute statement on

demographic trends in Europe, Asia, the Americas and their implications for global development.

Vocabulary Practice 2

Ex.4. Suggest Russian equivalents for these word combinations from the text, reproduce the context in which they are used in the text.

1. the dearth of young women

2. sexual discrepancy // disparities

3. unintended consequence

4. the surplus of bachelors

5. male/female ratio // sex ratio

6. a distorted ratio

7. to follow suit

8. a discernible son preference // to show a discernible preference for sons over daughters

9. prenatal sex-determination technology

10. declining // falling fertility

11. gender imbalance

12. a hitherto homogeneous society

13. backward thinking

14. spell trouble

15. the authorities’ baleful eye

Ex.5. Continue the following strings of collocations with the words in bold. Use some of the word combinations in sentences of your own.

1. sexual, ___________, ___________, ___________ discrepancy

2. distorted ratio, __________, __________, ___________

3. a discernible preference, __________, __________, __________

4. homogeneous society, ___________, ___________, ______________

5. spell trouble, __________, __________, __________, _______________

Ex.6. Fill in the gaps using the words and expressions from Ex.4 and Ex.5.

1. The new recruitment policies ___spelled troubles______ _________ as men lacking even an elementary education were entering an organization whose greatest demand was for personnel with high technical qualifications.

2. In less developed nations the gender ___discrepancy______ in life expectancy is smaller than in the developed nations, and it has increased in favor of women in the last 35.

3. Whether a country of integration or of a melting pot, America thrives and has always thrived due to the ___surplus_______ of immigrants finding refuge in America.

4. An __________ __________ comes about when a mechanism that has been installed in the world with the intention of producing one result is used to produce a different (and often conflicting) result.

5. The human _________ __________ is the number of males for each female in a population.

6. Ukraine's accession to the World Trade Organization will encourage Belarus to _________ __________.

7. Simplest conclusion is that the __________ of women scientists is caused largely by bias and social factors.

8. Make sure that you are actually comfortable with the instructor as there is nothing worse than operating under the __________ __________ of a teacher you simply detest.

9. Mr. Camby has no ____discernible preference_______ ___________ between alligator and crocodile but says his favorite reptile ''is a dead one.''

10. _________ __________ leads to backward behaviour, backward behaviour leads to backward society, backward society leads to exploitation and corruption.

11. If parents are given the opportunity to choose the sex of their child and if children of one sex are preferred this will result in a __________ sex ratio among children and adults.

12. The Indian Parliament had to pass a law regulating medical use of __________ technology and made it illegal to advertise such services.

13. The grave consequences of ___falling fertility______ have escaped public attention because of the great concern during the past decades about overpopulation.

14. Seriously though, there is a _________ __________ in Russia, due to the shortage of Russian men Russian women have no option but to marry foreigners.

15. A ___________ society is such a society where most of the people share the same type of cultural values, language, ethnicity and religious system.

The Reader