Exercise 2: Fill in appropriate articles before substantivized adjectives where necessary. Tell whether an adjective wholly-substantivized or partially-substantivized.

1. She was twenty-four. Her skin was pale with a touch of … green. 2. She had dressed carefully – the dress matching the tone of her skin seemed to emphasize … green of her eyes. 3. Fanny Price coloured. The blood under her unhealthy skin seemed to be … strange purple. 4. The sky was … light, radiant blue, but, although it was only early afternoon, a mist was creeping on the brilliant grass. 5. His eyes were large and blue, but … blue was pale, and they looked rather tired already. 6. I have nice hair. It is black - … real black, not … dark brown. 7. The sun in the west was a drop of … burning gold that slid nearer and nearer the sill of the world. 8. I enjoyed the sensation of sitting quietly beside her and looking at … pale gold of her hair and … pale gold of her skin. 9. Ralph ignored Jack’s question. He pointed to the touch of … yellow above the sea. 10. There was a scent of honey from the lime trees in flower, and in the sky … blue was beautiful, with a few white clouds which looked and perhaps tasted like lemon ice. 11. He himself had always liked … French, feeling at home with their wit, their taste, their cooking. 12. He’s … Swiss, I believe. 13. I thought he was … Turkey as he spoke … fluent Turkish. 14. You can’t be a captain because you don’t know … Italian well enough. 15. I only write about what a beautiful place we live in and how brave … Italians are. 16. … Swiss are a very intelligent race and keenly alive to architectural beauty. 17. At dinner I ate very quickly and left for the villa where … British had their hospital. 18. I was obviously … German in Italian uniform. 19. You don’t understand … German, do you? She wasn’t Swede, like her husband. 20. It would be better to be in the study hall than out in … cold. 21. You are too brave. Nothing ever happens to … brave. The coward dies a thousand deaths, … brave but one. 22. It was always your ambition to be a nurse and help … sick ever since you were a little child, wasn’t it? 23. Philip learned how little there was in common between … poor and classes above them. 24. Old Jolyon sighed; he had an insatiable appetite for … young. 25. We’ll be getting to Twelve Oaks in a little bit, and every man there, … old and … young, wanting to know about the horses.

Exercise 3. Translate into English, using the adjective, underline it and comment on its use.

1. Прекрасное всегда радует глаз. 2. Он внезапно вышел из комнаты. 3. Небо было ярко-голубое. 4. Чёрный был определённо не её цвет. 5. Не стойте на холоде. Вы хотите заболеть? 6. Это были люди, которые посвятили себя изучению неизвестного. 7. У неё были тёмно-золотистые волосы, тёмно-коричневые глаза, а кожа бледно-золотистая. 8. Старые не всегда и даже большую часть времени не чувствуют себя старыми. 9. Элиза была прекрасна в чёрном и белом. 10. Мне нравится ваша седина на висках. 11. Они просили его о невозможном. 12. У неё были тёмно-голубые глаза. 13. Я полагаю, вы правы, всё идёт к лучшему. 14. Он принял неизбежное. 15. Большинство раненых были спокойны, но некоторые очень шумели. 16. Когда мы вместе работали, я делал вам много хорошего. 17. Он, бывало, вознаграждал добрых и наказывал жестоких. 18. У неё были необыкновенные способности смешивать главное с второстепенным. 19. Её мысли были заняты будущим. 20. Джейн была высокая, смуглая и красивая. Она была одета в белое, а в её чёрных волосах сияли бриллианты. 21. Они русские. Русские – прекрасный народ. 22. Говорят, он не швед, а болгарин. 23. Он хорошо говорил по-немецки и гораздо хуже по-английски. 24. Я думал, что вы сказали, что он француз, так как он хорошо говорит по-французски. 25. “Не может быть, что вы англичанин, так как вы недостаточно хорошо знаете английский. Вы даже и не итальянец”. “Я чех, но я был в Италии, - сказал я, - и говорил по-итальянски”.

Unit 2

Verb and Verbals

Learning objectives:

Define verb, transitive/intransitive verb, auxiliary verb, verbals, Infinitive, Gerund, Participle

Explain how to parse verb, Infinitive, Participle, Gerund

Analyze grammatical categories of the verb, the categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice and mood; the noun-infinitive/the qualifying infinitive

Key point:

Verb, it’s definition and parsing; Infinitive, it’s definition and parsing; Participle, it’s definition and parsing; Gerund, it’s definition and parsing

Grammatically the verb is the most complex part of speech. This is due to the central role performs in the expression of the predicative functions of the sentence, i.e. the functions establishing the connection between the situation (situational event) named in the utterance and reality. The general categorial meaning of the verb is process presented dynamically, i.e. developing in time.

The grammatical categories of the verb are: 1) the category of finitude dividing the verb into finite and non-finite forms (the corresponding contracted names are “finites” and “verbids”, this category has a lexico-grammatical force); 2) the categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and mood.

Verb:a word used for stating a fact or condition, giving an order or a request, or asking a question.

Transitive: denotes an action that is directed towards some person or thing; as “he shot a crow”.

Intransitive:denotes an action that stops with the doer, and concerns no person or thing except the doer; as “he fell”.

Auxiliary: assists a Principal verb (which may be either Transitive or Intransitive) that form some tense or tenses in the Indicative or Subjunctive mood and in the Active or Passive voice; as “I have come”.

Voice

Active: when the verb is in the Active voice, the person or thing denoted by the Subject is said to do something, as “I love.”

Passive:when the verb is in the Passive voice, the person or thing denoted by the Subject is said to suffer something, as “I am loved”.

Finite Moods

Mood:the form assumed by a verb to show the mode or manner in which the action denoted by the verb is represented.

Indicative: asserts something as a fact, or as a condition, as “I come” “if he comes”. Or it enquires about something, as “Did he come?”

Imperative: commands, or advises, or begs for something, as come.

Subjunctive: expresses a condition, a purpose, or a wish, - any kind of contingency except a fact, as “if he come or should come” (condition), “that he may come” (purpose), “may he come!” (wish).