Reagent; nitrite; catalysts; soil; process

The first important man-made inorganic compound was ammonium ____________ for _________ fertilization through the Haber _________. Inorganic compounds are synthesized for use as __________ such as vanadium (V) oxide and titanium (III) chloride or as _________ such as lithium aluminium hydride.

Exercise 2. Compose a story on one of the topics (up to 40 words):

“Inorganic chemistry is a practical area of science”

“Acid-base interaction”

“Minerals in nature”

Lesson 3

Read the text: Different types of compounds. Part I.

Coordination compounds

Classical coordination compounds feature metals bound to "lone pairs" of electrons residing on the main group atoms of ligands such as H₂O, NH₃, Cl⁻, and CN⁻. In modern coordination compounds almost all organic and inorganic compounds can be used as ligands. The "metal" usually is a metal from the groups 3-13, as well as the trans-lanthanides and trans-actinides, but from a certain perspective, all chemical compounds can be described as coordination complexes.

The stereochemistry of coordination complexes can be quite rich, as hinted at by Werner's separation of two enantiomers of [Co((OH)₂Co(NH₃)₄)₃]⁶⁺, an early demonstration that chirality is not inherent to organic compounds. A topical theme within this specialization is supramolecular coordination chemistry.

· Examples: [Co(EDTA)]⁻, [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺, TiCl₄(THF)₂.

Main group compounds

Tetrasulfur tetranitride, S₄N₄, is a main group compound that continues to intrigue chemists. These species feature elements from groups 1, 2 and 13-18 (excluding hydrogen) of the periodic table. Due to their often similar reactivity, the elements in group 3 (Sc, Y, and La) and group 12 (Zn, Cd, and Hg) are also generally included.

Main group compounds have been known since the beginnings of chemistry, e.g. elemental sulfur and the distillable white phosphorus. Experiments on oxygen, O₂, by Lavoisier and Priestley not only identified an important diatomic gas, but opened the way for describing compounds and reactions according to stoichiometric ratios. The discovery of a practical synthesis of ammonia using iron catalysts by Carl Bosch and Fritz Haber in the early 1900’s deeply impacted mankind, demonstrating the significance of inorganic chemical synthesis. Typical main group compounds are SiO₂, SnCl₄, and N₂O. Many main group compounds can also be classed as “organometallic”, as they contain organic groups, e.g. B(CH₃)₃). Main group compounds also occur in nature, e.g. phosphate in DNA, and therefore may be classed as bioinorganic. Conversely, organic compounds lacking (many) hydrogen ligands can be classed as “inorganic”, such as the fullerenes, buckytubes and binary carbon oxides.

· Examples: tetrasulfur tetranitride S₄N₄, diborane B₂H₆, silicones, buckminsterfullerene C₆₀.

I. Reading Exercises:

Exercise 1.Read and memorize using a dictionary:

coordination compounds, ligand, inherent, similar reactivity, binary carbon oxide, distillable white phosphorus

Exercise 2.Answer the questions:

1) What compounds can be used as ligands?

2) Is chirality inherent to organic compounds?

3) What did the experiments on oxygen O₂ by Lavoisier and Priestley do for the future study of main group compounds ?

4) What typical main group compounds do you know?

Exercise 3.Open brackets choosing the right words:

The discovery of a practical (synthesis/crystallization) of ammonia using iron catalysts by Carl Bosch and Fritz Haber in the (late/early) 1900’s deeply impacted mankind, demonstrating the significance of inorganic chemistry (synthesis/analysis).

II. Speaking Exercises:

Exercise 1.Describe coordination compound; stereochemistry; elemental sulfur; practical synthesis; hydrogen ligandusing the suggested words and expressionsas in example:

Coordination compound

metal bounds; lone pairs; ligand

example:

classical coordination compounds feature metals bound to “lone pairs” of electrons residing on the main group atoms of ligands such as H₂O, NH₃, Cl⁻, and CN⁻. In modern coordination compounds almost all organic and inorganic compounds can be used as ligands.

Stereochemistry

coordination complexes; two enantiomers; inherent to organic compounds; topical theme; supramolecular coordination chemistry

Elemental sulfur

the beginning of chemistry; distillable white phosphorus

Practical synthesis

discovery; ammonia; iron catalyst; significance

Hydrogen ligand

bucky tubes; binary carbon oxides; organic compounds

III. Writing Exercises:

Exercise 1.Complete the sentences with the suggested words: