Exercise 1. State the function of the infinitive and Infinitive Constructions. Translate into Russian

1. It was then an easy matter for me to go to Paul's room and make an appropriate signal to Kitty, and she turned back, up the street to disappear round the corner into Church Square. (Clark) 2. She made a curious, fumbling gesture towards me, as if to convey a sort of affection. (Hansford Johnson) 3. It was charming to see him play with the two children. (Maugham) 4. To tell you the truth, Mr. Butler, I did not want Aileen to leave your home at all. (Dreiser) 5. I happen to know that he was supposed to come to the wedding. (Salinger) 6. Gertrude gave a long soft exhalation. It made the young man smile at her again; and this smile made her blush a little. To take refuge from blushing she asked him if, after his long walk, he was not hungry and thirsty. (James) 7. Charles Lomax's exertions are much more likely to decrease his income than to increase it. (Shaw) 8. Your shortest way will be to follow the boulevard, and cross the park... but it is too late and too dark for a woman to go through the park alone. (Ch. Brontë) 9. In spite of herself the colour fled from her cheeks instantly, only to come back in a hot, defiant wave. (Dreiser) 10. They hardly expect him to recover consciousness; it was a terrible knock.

Exercise 2. Point out the Objective-with-the-Iniinitive and the Subjective Infinitive Constructions. Translate into Russian.

1. Never once had she been seen to cry. (Mansfield) 2. It was the first time he had ever seen her weep. (Buck) 3. He didn't mean this to be a long meeting. (Snow) 4. There was a rumour that at last they were likely to be married, (Snow) 5.... without remonstrance she suffered me to have my own way. (Ch. Brontë) 6. Irving proved to be a long, sallow-faced butler chap, solemn as an undertaker. (Priestley) 7. Mr. Worthing is sure to be back soon. (Wilde) 8. I came to get someone to tell me the truth. (Hansford Johnson) 9. I'll have Bertha bring you breakfast. (Stone) 10. Unfortunately, at this moment he chances to catch sight of Judith's face. (Shaw) 11. I have never known Hector Rose behave like this. (Snow) 12. His "office" turned out to be in one of the back streets close by Olympia. (Snow) 13, Conrad pulled out a chair and made her sit down. (Greene) 14. He... looked at his watch, rang the bell, and ordered the vehicle to be brought round immediately. (Eliot) 15. Paul felt his heart lift as at a great victory. (Cronin) 16.... people took an oath, a pledge, when they were married, and that was supposed to hold them together. (Lindsay) 17. You make me think of spring flowers... (Braine) 18. At thirteen he began to read books that were said to be evil. (Saroyan)

19.Young men of this class never do anything for themselves that they can get other people to do for them. (James) 20. He said he wouldn't suffer a word to be uttered to him in his uncle's disparagement. (E. Brontë) 21. She doesn't seem to want to do anything I suggest. (Dreiser) 22. Cecily and Gwendolen are perfectly certain to be extremely great friends. (Wilde) 23. He heard the town clock strike twelve. (Faulkner) 24. Nearly a year ago, I chanced to tell him our legend of the nun... (Ch. Brontë) 25. Harriet, pale and trembling... suffered her to go on uninterrupted. (Dickens) 26. "You will not allow this base newspaper slander to shorten your stay here, Mr. Winkle?" said Mrs. Pott, smiling through the traces of her tears. (Dickens) 27. He turned out to have no feeling whatsoever for his nephew. (Snow) 28. I don't like him to be so long alone. (Hansford Johnson)

Listening and discussion: Text “The Earth Climate”

The Earth Climate

What is climate?

In general terms, climate is the long-term behavior of the day-to-day weather. For example, the UK and similar mid-latitude countries are said to have temperate climates.

A fuller description of climate includes information on air and sea temperatures, rainfall, wind speed and direction, air pressure and cloud cover.

What determines climate?

Sunlight strikes the poles of the Earth at a much shallower angle than at the equator and with a corresponding decrease in surface intensity. This is the main reason why the equator is hotter than the poles. The Earth's ocean currents and winds redistribute this heat by what is known as the general circulation.

The Earth's rotation and surface features, such as coastlines and mountains, break up the circulating wind systems into the weather patterns seen on weather forecasts. These weather patterns determine the climate of any given point on the Earth.

Has global climate changed in the past?

Climate changes only very slightly over a human lifetime, but can change significantly over centuries and millennia. There have been dramatic changes on longer timescales (10,000 years and more) as the Earth has entered and emerged from ice ages. The World is currently in a warm interglacial period, between ice ages.

What causes climate change?

Drastic climate changes, leading to ice ages, are thought to be driven by small natural changes in the Earth's rotation and its. orbit around the Sun. Based on past patterns, the current interglacial period should end, and the next ice age begin, in perhaps 5,000 years and reach its furthest limits in about 60.000 years.

Climate change over the last thousand years is probably due to changes in
ocean circulation. The North European "little ice age" between the 16th and 19th
centuries is one recent example of climate variation on this scale.

Changes in ocean circulation also affect climate on shorter timescales. On a cycle of usually three years the eastern Pacific Ocean warms and cools. This cycle, known as El Nino Southern Oscillation, influences the whole global climate system as well as disrupting fishing off the west coast of South America.

Volcanic activity also affects climate. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 sent huge clouds of dust high into the upper atmosphere. This absorbed sunlight and cooled the Earth by about 0.5°C in 1992. This cooling is likely to last a few years before the dust settles to Earth. It is a good example of the influence of the at mosphere on the climate system.