Nursery education (under 5 years)
Children do not have to go to school until they reach the age of five, but there is some free nursery-school education before that age.
Private education (5 to 18 years)
Some parents choose to pay for private education in spite of the existence of free state education. Private schools are called by different names to state schools: the preparatory (often called ‘prep’) schools are for pupils aged up to 13, and the public schools are for 13 to 18 year-olds. These schools are very expensive and they are attended by about 5 per cent of the school population.
Secondary education (11 to 16/18 years)
Free secondary education is available to all children in Britain. Children must go to school until the age of 16, and pupils may stay on for one or two years more if they wish. These schools are not selective – you don’t have to pass an exam to go there.
Comprehensive schools
Comprehensive schools want to develop the talents of each individual child. So they offer a wide choice of subjects, from art and craft, woodwork and domestic science to the sciences, modern languages, computer arts, etc. All these subjects are enjoyed by both girls and boys.
Universities
There are many universities in Britain. Good ‘A’ level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at one. However, good exam results alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews, and competition for places at university is fierce.
Most 18 and 19 year-olds in Britain are fairly independent people. It is very unusual for university students to live at home.
When they first arrive to the college; first year students are called ‘freshers’. Freshers live near the campus; they can rent a house in their second or third year. During the first week, all the clubs and societies hold a ‘freshers fair’. Students learn how to live alone, also they learn the new way of studying. As well as lectures, there are regular seminars, at which one of a small group of students reads a paper he or she has written. The paper is then discussed by the tutor and the rest of the group.
After three or four years these students will take their finals. Most of them (over 90%) will get a first, second or third class degree and be able to put BA (Bachelor of Arts) or BC (Bachelor of Science) after their name.
Spotlight on Great Britain.
Read and discuss the following questions.
1. How do British schools differ from schools in your country?
2. Is it a good thing to leave home at the age of 18?
3. Many British people believe that if you do nothing more than study hard at university, you will have wasted a great opportunity. What do they mean and do you agree?
Discuss this point in groups of 3-5 students. Giving your opinion you may find the following expressions helpful:
To express your opinion
| I think | I believe that | In my opinion |
| Speaking for myself | I suppose | From my point of view |
| As for me | I’m sure | It seems to me that |
To agree or disagree with somebody
|
Homework
Find additional information from the Internet resources about education in Britain, divide into two teams. The first team finds the differences and the second one – similar features between education systems in Great Britain and Russia.
Resources recommended:
http://www.eng.umu.se/education/Default.htm
http://www.eng.umu.se/education/hist27.htm
Do grammar and revision tests.
Write a short composition about yourselves “My routine day” using the Present Simple Tense sentences.
Lesson 3
Introduction
We studied the education system in Russia and Great Britain. Today we are talking about education in the United States of America.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
Lexical exercises
Match the words and their definitions given below:
primary school, preparatory, comprehensive school, craft, domestic science, woodwork, campus, nursery, tutor, bachelor degree, compulsory, total number, non-government, applicant.
general quantity;
something, which doesn’t belong to the government;
someone who applies for something; a person who wants to be a student;
a school for children between the ages of four of five and eleven;
a school for students of different levels of ability between the ages of 11 and 18;
a traditional skill of making things by hand;
householding;
the activity or skill of making things of wood;
an area of land containing all the main buildings of a university;
a school or a place where very young children are looked after;
a teacher in a college or university;
a first university degree;
as preparation for something else.
obligatory.
LISTENING
Reading
New words
Before reading try to give, if possible, the synonyms or close meanings of the following words and word combinations and try to pronounce them correctly:
State, elementary school, high school, public schools, junior high school, senior high school, grade, kindergarten, to comprise, taxes, funding, assignment, mandatory, college, private school, university.
Education in the United States comprises three levels: elementary, secondary and higher education. There are two types of educational institutions – private and state. State institutions are called public schools, they are open to all classes and financed by taxes collected from all citizens. Kids start school by going to kindergartens at the age of 6, which is often a part of grade schools (each year of study is called a grade). The first six years are elementary school, then come junior (grades 7-8) and high school (grades 9-12).
Most pupils follow a course that includes basic subjects – English, science and mathematics, social sciences and physical education – as well as elective subjects for high school students who plan their careers and select subjects that will be useful in their chosen work – foreign languages, fine arts, advanced mathematics and science, and vocational training.
Students usually receive grades from A(excellent) to F(failing) in each course they take on the basis of the performance in tests given throughout the year, participation in class discussions and completion of written and oral assignments.
Sometimes during grade school students are given an IQ test (an Intelligence Quotient test). It is not a test of their knowledge, but their ability to think. The results (scores) from these tests are known only by teachers, and not by the students or their parents.
Private schools are not supported by public funds and charge fees. Their organisation and curriculum are similar to those of public schools, but the tuition costs are so high that only the wealthiest families can afford them. Many private schools are boarding schools.
Most young Americans graduate from school with a high school diploma upon satisfactory completion of a specified number of courses. Each student is given a high school transcript with grades obtained. That is the end of mandatory free public education, however, some students drop out of schools and never graduate.
One half of the students enter institutions of higher education, others may get further education at special colleges.
G. Nevzorova, T. Nikitushkina, St.-Petersburg, 2001.
Reading comprehension
I. Match the pairs of synonyms among the following words:
to select; to comprise; elective; to be a must; to receive; to be mandatory; task; to obtain; specified; education; vocational; optional; assignment; to choose; certain; professional; to include; training.
II. Match synonyms from the two columns:
- establishment a) subsidize
- receive b) final
- finish c) semester
- admit d) accept
- support e) choose
- scores f) obtain
- differ g) finance
- standards h) autumn
- term i) graduate
- fund j) holidays
- select k) requirements
- fall l) results
- end-of-the year m) vary
- vacations n) institutions
III. Answer the following questions:
- What are the levels of education in the USA?
- What age groups do they include?
- What are the basic subjects at school?
- What does the word “elective” mean?
- Do the students and their parents know the IQ test scores?
- Is there a separate educational system for the wealthy?
- What are boarding schools? Who can afford to study there?
- What information does a high school transcript include?
- What are the possible ways to get further education?
Now you will listen to The Voice of America.Before listening try to guess the meanings of the following words and word combinations:
Fall, undergraduate, estimate, investigation, living expenses.
Washington University in Saint Louis.
Find out more: http://www.wustl.edu
Listening comprehension
I. True or False?
1. Washington University in Saint Louis, Missouri, is one of the largest schools in the Midwest.
- The new school year begins this autumn and will cost 52 thousand dollars for undergraduates.
- Graduate tuition doesn’t differ by the program.
- The University doesn’t offer any financial assistance for international students because its resources are limited.
- International students may only take out private loans.
II. Answer the questions.
1. What types of schools are there at the university?
2. What is the difference between graduate tuition?
3. What kind of assistance does the university offer to the international students?
III. You are one of the international students, who want to study at this University and needs some information about it. Your partner is the representative of the university staff. Make an interview, using newly learnt words and useful expressions from the previous lessons.
On-line/off-line activity
Find from the Internet additional materials about education in the USA and compare with education in Russia and Great Britain: Divide into two groups and discuss differences and similar features in groups, then express your opinion in class.
Recommended resources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States
Homework
Write an informal letter to your penfriend in the USA about your study at the university, your interests, etc. Ask him/her 5-6 questions about his/her study. Don’t forget about organisation of the letter.
Do grammar and revision test.
Lesson 4
LEXICAL EXERCISES
I. Match the words and their definitions given below: