Modern young family and its problems; the budget of a young family and the main items of expenditure.

Describing family relationships

Children often quarrel with each other, and these arguments – or squabbles – are often quickly resolved. In fact, sibling rivalry (the competition between brothers and sisters) is quite common.

More seriously, if arguments continue into adulthood, family feuds can develop where both sides can end up hating each other and even trying to hurt or destroy each other.

A person who no longer speaks to a family member is estranged from his / her family. Often estrangement is voluntary. However, if parents decide they no longer want anything to do with their children, they cut them off (= break off communication), or even disinherit them. (Decide not to leave them anything when they die.)

Most people feel loyalty to their family, and will defend family members saying "He / She's family". There's also a saying "Blood's thicker than water" which means that your family ties are stronger than any other relationships.

Family crimes- an act against the law

Family values = traditional ideas about what a family should be: "Some political parties often emphasize family values and the importance of marriage."

To bring up / raise a family = to have and look after children: "It's difficult to raise a family on one income."

Generations - a group of individuals belonging to a specific category at the same time:

Teenagers-A person aged between 13 and 19 years.

Chastisement-criticism of somebody for doing something wrong

Smack-to kiss with or as if with a smack

Behavior-the manner of conducting oneself

Reject-to decide not to publish (something) or make (something) available to the public because it is not good enough

Budget-is a detailed plan of operations for some specific future period. It is an estimate of costs and benefits of programs to be undertaken and policies thereto prepared in advance of the period to which it is applied. Budget acts as a business barometer as it is a complete program of activities of the business for the period covered.

Expenditure-an amount of money that is spent on somethingВ Take-away food-A meal or dish bought from a shop or restaurant to be eaten elsewhere:

Debit.-to take money from (an account)

Child Benefit - money received regularly by families from the government to help pay for the cost of taking care of children

Unit 4

NATIONAL TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS OF MARRIAGE IN KAZAKHSTAN AND THE COUNTRIES OF THE TARGET LANGUAGE.

Wedding- a ceremony at which two people are married to each other

Wedding chapel,

Groom - a man who has just married or is about to be married

Bride- a woman who has just married or is about to be married

Arrangements- the way that things or people are organized for a particular purpose or activity : the way that things or people are arranged

Permission

Obligatory- always or often included as a familiar and expected part of something

Negotiation-a formal discussion between people who are trying to reach an agreement : an act of negotiating

revealed -to make known through divine inspiration

marital status-the state of being married or not married —used on official forms to ask if a person is married, single, divorced, or widowed

feasting- a religious festival

confess-to tell (your sins) to God or to a priest

farewell-get along well —used interjectionally to or by one departing

Ethnicities-ethnic quality or affiliation

Tuxedo-a formal suit for a man; especially : a formal black suit worn with a white shirt and a black bow tie

Forsaking -to give up or leave (someone or something) entirely

Bridesmaid-a girl or young unmarried woman who attends a bride at her wedding

Amazing-causing great surprise or wonder; astonishing:

Unit 5

ВMODERN HOUSING: HOUSING TYPES (URBAN, RURAL HOUSE, AN APARTMENT.)

Apartment: a relatively self-contained housing unit in a building which is often rented out to one person or a family, or two or more people sharing a lease in a partnership, for their exclusive use. Sometimes called a flat or digs (slang). Some locales have legal definitions of what constitutes an apartment. In some locations, "apartment" denotes a building that was built specifically for such units, whereas "flat" denotes a unit in a building that had been originally built as a single-family house, but later on subdivided into some multi unit house type

Cottage: usually a small country dwelling, although weavers' cottages are three-storied townhouses with the top floor reserved for the working quarters.

Farmhouse: the main residence house on a farm, or a house built with the same type of styling and located anywhere.

Mansion: a quite large and usually luxurious detached house

Single-family detached home: any free-standing house that is structurally separated from its neighboring houses, usually separated by open land, making it distinctive from such dwellings as duplexes, townhouses, and condominiums.

Tree house: a house built among the branches or around the trunk of one or more mature trees and does not rest on the ground.

Villa: originally an upper-class country house, though since its origins in Roman times the idea and function of a villa has evolved considerably.

Yurt: a nomadic house of Central Asia

Semi-detached: two houses joined together;

Terraced house: Since the late 18th century is a style of housing where (generally) identical individual houses are conjoined into rows - a line of houses which abut directly on to each other built with shared party walls between dwellings whose uniform fronts and uniform height created an ensemble that was more stylish than a "row house". However this is also the UK term for a "row house" regardless of whether the houses are identical or not.

Bungalow: any simple, single storey-house without any basement.

Castle: primarily a defensive structure/dwelling built during the Dark Ages and the Middle Ages, and also during the 18th century and the 19th century.

Ranch: a rambling single- storey-house, often containing a garage and sometimes constructed over a basement.

Duplex house: commonly refers to two separate residences, attached side-by-side, but the term is sometimes used to mean stacked apartments on two different floors (particularly in urban areas such as New York and San Francisco). (See Two decker) The duplex house often looks like either two houses put together, or as a large single home, and both legally and structurally, literally shares a wall between halves. The duplex home can appear as a single townhouse section with two different entrances, though the occasional duplex with a shared common entrance and entry hall have been constructed. The jargon terms "triplex" and "four- plex" are contrived names that refer to similar structures with three or four housing units, or floors if referring to apartments, and again the characteristic sharing of structural walls, as are the townhouse and six pack forms that adapted the savings in materials and costs of a shared load bearing wall.

Unit 6