Exercise 6. Complete the text using the words from the box.

Feasibility	Output	Commitment	Time-cost
Decomposition	Monitoring	Estimate	Ingenuity
Details	Guidance	Hierarchical planning	Site
Possible	Profit	Validity

The development of a construction plan is very much analogous to the development of a good facility design. The planner must weigh the costs and reliability of different options while at the same time insuring technical (1)……... . Construction planning is more difficult in some ways since the building process is dynamic as the (2)…… and the physical facility change over time as construction proceeds. On the other hand, construction operations tend to be fairly standard from one project to another, whereas structural or foundation (3)……… might differ considerably from one facility to another.

Forming a good construction plan is an exceptionally challenging problem. There are numerous (4)…….. plans available for any given project. While past experience is a good guide to construction planning, each project is likely to have special problems or opportunities that may require considerable (5)……….. and creativity to overcome or exploit. Unfortunately, it is quite difficult to provide direct (6)………. concerning general procedures or strategies to form good plans in all circumstances. There are some recommendations that can be addressed to describe the characteristics of good plans, but this does not necessarily tell a planner how to discover a good plan. However, as in the design process, strategies of (7)…………. in which planning is divided into subproblems and (8)……………. in which general activities are repeatably subdivided into more specific tasks can be readily adopted in many cases.

From the standpoint of construction contractors or the construction divisions of large firms, the planning process for construction projects consists of three stages that take place between the moment in which a planner starts the plan for the construction of a facility to the moment in which the evaluation of the final (9)…….. of the construction process is finished.

The (10)…………… stage involves the development of a cost and duration estimate for the construction of a facility as part of the proposal of a contractor to an owner. It is the stage in which assumptions of resource commitment to the necessary activities to build the facility are made by a planner. A careful and thorough analysis of different conditions imposed by the construction project design and by site characteristics are taken into consideration to determine the best estimate. The success of a contractor depends upon this estimate, not only to obtain a job but also to construct the facility with the highest (11)………... . The planner has to look for the (12)…… combination that will allow the contractor to be successful in his (13)………….. . The result of a high estimate would be to lose the job, and the result of a low estimate could be to win the job, but to lose money in the construction process. When changes are done, they should improve the estimate, taking into account not only present effects, but also future outcomes of succeeding activities. It is very seldom the case in which the output of the construction process exactly echoes the estimate offered to the owner.

In the (14)………… and control stage of the construction process, the construction manager has to keep constant track of both activities’ durations and ongoing costs. It is misleading to think that if the construction of the facility is on schedule or ahead of schedule, the cost will also be on the estimate or below the estimate, especially if several changes are made. Constant evaluation is necessary until the construction of the facility is complete. When work is finished in the construction process, and information about it is provided to the planner, the third stage of the planning process can begin.

The evaluation stage is the one in which results of the construction process are matched against the estimate. A planner deals with this uncertainty during the estimate stage. Only when the outcome of the construction process is known is he/she able to evaluate the (15)……… of the estimate. It is in this last stage of the planning process that he or she determines if the assumptions were correct. If they were not or if new constraints emerge, he/she should introduce corresponding adjustments in future planning.