V. Retell the text using the questions in IV.

UNIT 1

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

I. Before reading the text learn the following words.

1) approximately 2) ancient 3) accumulate 4) combustible 5) boiling point 6) borehole 7) caulk 8) carbon 9) to conduct 10) to cure 11) decomposition 12) deposit 13) derivative 14) disease 15) distinct 16) dwelling 17) dissolve 18) decomposition 19) earth's crust 20) extraction 21) film 22) frequent 23) fuel

1) приблизительно 2) древний, старинный 3) накапливать 4) горючий, воспламеняемый 5) точка кипения 6) буровая скважина 7) смолить (лодки) 8) углерод 9) проводить 10) исцелять 11) разложение, распад 12) месторождение, залежь 13) производное 14) болезнь 15) определенный 16) жилище, дом 17) растворять, разжижать 18) разложение, распад 19) земная кора 20) извлечение, добыча 21) плёнка 22) частый 23) топливо, горючее

24) gravity 25) hydrocarbon 26) hydrogen 27) illumination 28) incendiary 29) insulator 30) impurity 31) lubricant 32) manuscript 33) to migrate 34) inflammable 35) limestone 36) liquid 37) natural gas 38) nitrogen 39) occur 40) oxygen 41) odour=smell 42) oil=petroleum 43) porous bed 44) rush 45) sandstone 46) seep 47) sedimentary 48) silt 49) sulphur 50) trap 51) utilize 52) well

24) сила тяжести 25) углеводород 26) водород 27) освещение 28) боевые зажигательные средства 29) изолятор 30) примесь, загрязнение 31) смазочный материал 32) рукопись 33) мигрировать 34) огнеопасный 35) известняк 36) жидкость 37) природный газ 38) азот 39) залегать 40) кислород 41) запах 42) нефть 43) пористый слой 44) зд. хлынуть 45) песчаник 46) просачиваться 47) осадочный 48) ил, осадок, наносы 49) сера 50) ловушка 51) использовать, syn. apply, use 52) скважина

II. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.

1. manuscript 2. ancient 3. properties 4. lubricant 5. surface seeps 6. commercial production 7. valuable 8. combustible 9. specific gravity 10. rainbow film

a. ценный b. горючий c. удельный вес d. свойства e. радужная пленка f. древний g. рукопись h. смазочное вещество i. выходы нефти на поверхность j. промышленная добыча

III. Translate the following phrases into Russian without dictionary:

1. ancient manuscript 2. curing properties 3. medical treatment 4. sources of energy 5. combustible oily liquid

6. different impurities 7. specific gravity 8. colorific value 9. accumulation of thick layers 10. quantity of different impurities

PETROLEUM

As we know from ancient manuscripts man first began to apply petroleum already some centuries B.C. Ancient people knew different properties of oil and used it for various purposes. They caulked their ships and boats with oil and made their cloths waterproof. They used petroleum as a cheap and efficient lubricant. Ancients discovered curing properties of oil and used it in medical treatment of some diseases. Besides, they utilized petroleum for the illumination of their dwellings and even as the incendiaries in frequent war battles. Since such application didn’t require large amounts of oil ancient people managed with oil they got from the surface seeps.

Only since 19 century A.D. people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. The commercial production of this valuable fuel has led to the development of modern petroleum industry.

Petroleum or as we often call it oil is a combustible oily liquid which occurs in sedimentary rocks of the Earth’s crust. Petroleum usually forms and accumulates in geological traps at the depths of 1,200 –2,000 m and deeper. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells (up to 6,000 m). The deepest wells that are not so numerous reach gigantic depths of 10,000 and even more metres.

Petroleum is a liquid which consists of different hydrocarbons, i.e. compounds of carbon and hydrogen. Besides, oil often contains smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. Petroleum is a substance with a characteristic smell. The odour of petroleum depends on the nature, composition and quantity of hydrocarbons and different impurities. The colour of oil varies from light brown to dark brown, nearly black. Specific gravity of oil determines its colour. The heavier the oil the darker is the colour. Oil is much lighter than water. It doesn’t dissolve in water and forms a thin rainbow film on its surface. For oil doesn’t conduct electricity, people use some of its products in manufacturing of insulators. All sorts of petroleum are combustible. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source because of its high calorific value.

The geological science has not yet given a clear explanation for the petroleum formation. Most scientists, however, admit the organic origin of petroleum. They believe that carbon and hydrogen, i.e., the chemical basis of any oil, came from sea and land plants and animals as a result of their decomposition. In a very calm, shallow sea, dead plants and animals fell to the bottom. The accumulation of thick layers of silt above the organic matter led to an increase in temperature and rise in pressure – conditions under which liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons formed. As petroleum is a mixture of fluids, both liquid and gaseous, it often migrated far from the place where it originated.

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. When did man first begin to apply petroleum?

2. How did ancient people use petroleum?

3. What factor has led to the development of modern petroleum industry?

4. How can one define petroleum?

5. Where does petroleum form and accumulate?

6. Does petroleum consist of different hydrocarbons?

7. What impurities does petroleum often contain?

8. What factors does the odour of petroleum depend on?

9. Is the color of oil always dark brown?

10. What determines its colour?

11. Are all sorts of petroleum combustible?