Ask and answer the questions to the text (work in pairs). 1. How long is the Channel Tunnel, one of the world’s most famous tunnels?

1. How long is the Channel Tunnel, one of the world’s most famous tunnels?

2. What does this link consists of?

3. What sort of service does the Channel Tunnel allow?

4. Why was the tunnel construction delayed almost for 200 years?

5. What types of trains travel through the tunnel?

6. What made the tunnel engineers slow down their progress?

Exercises:

1) Match the given words with their definitions:

Maintaining, shuttle train, overall cost, freight train, safety system, access, high speed train, oversized

	designed to operate at a rapid moving
	travels back and forth at regular intervals over a particular route
	a railroad train consisting of goods, cargo, or lading
	a size larger than the proper or usual size
	includes everything
	free from the risk of self-damage or injury to people and property
	to keep in an appropriate condition, operation
	the ability, right, or permission to approach, enter or use

Give the Russian equivalents to the following English words and combinations.

Emergency escape route, emergency vehicles, central escape tunnel, offer a special shuttle service, although safety is a top priority, to allay concerns, scene of an accident, the most amazing engineering feats, set an example worth following,

Match the English equivalents to the following Russian words and combinations.

Меловая глина, мергель	readily available
неравномерность пласта	accommodate vehicles
прочная конструкция	construction progress
легко доступны	smoothing the way
беспроблемный путь	authorized agent
вмещать транспортные средства	geological irregularity
развитие строительства	chalk marl
уполномоченный агент	sturdy construction

Put the given verbs into the correct tense forms. Pay attention on time words.

………… (To link) is the process of collecting and combining various pieces of code and data into a single file. Lately we ……….. (to face) the act of terrorism. What the business managers needed – ………. (to run) their departments, divisions, and corporations effectively. Tunnel corps and other businesses …………. (employ) large numbers of specialists for future projects. War ……… …. (to break out) in 1941. The building work …….. ………… (to be carried out) by a local contractor. The element ………… (to fail) due to critical corrosive wear-after. System error 5………….. (to occur), access is denied. The described design………… (to withstand) emergency temperature up to 250° C. that completely meets modem requirements to the equipment. A tunnel boring machine can………. (to bore) through anything from hard rock to sand. Phil……….. (access) to the Japanese networks there, he knew everything about it.

Translate the sentences below from Russian into English in writing.

Тоннель под Ла-Маншем, или Евротоннель — самый длинный международный туннель в мире, соединяет Соединенное Королевство и Францию 50 500 метровым проходом. Туннель соединяет города Фолкстон в Великобритании и Кале во Франции. Тоннель также может похвастаться самым большим в мире поездом для перевозки автомобилей под названием Eurotunnel Shuttle.

Если бы собрать всю выкопанную из тоннеля землю и камни и высыпать из них гору, она достигала бы высоты Эйфелевой башни. Передняя проходная часть ТПМ, которой копали Евротоннель, имеет свыше 100 режущих кромок и 200 острых зубов.

Строительство Тоннеля под Ла-Маншем было заморожено в течение почти двухсот лет с 1802, из-за постоянных колебаний со стороны британцев и политической нестабильности. В конечном счете, в 1988, году строительство началось и закончилось довольно быстро, в 1994. Тоннель под Ла-Маншем также был одни из кандидатов на попадание в список Семи Новых Чудес Света. Несомненно, это великое сооружение сыграло ключевую роль в объединении Британии с материком, хотя с материальной точки зрения оно до сих пор остается убыточным.

References:http://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/tunnel4.htm

Unit 4. Tunnel Jobs.

Vocabulary.
Maintaining - эксплуатация

surveyor - геодезист

ironworker - монтажник металлоконструкций; слесарь-арматурщик; слесарь-монтажник

cement mason - бетоноукладчик

construction crew - строительная бригада

take measurement - снимать мерку

figure the appropriate length, width, and height - выяснить соответствующую длину, ширину и высоту

attempt to predict - пробовать предсказать

potential hazards - потенциальные опасности

mudslide - оползень

rock fall –обвал породы

is deemed safe - считается безопасным

draw blueprints - привлечь чертежи

laborer - рабочий

estimate - оценка
authorization - разрешение

begin scheduling - начать планирование

site - строительная площадка

to supervise - контролировать

skilled laborer - квалифицированные рабочие

highly-trained - высококвалифицированный

explosive worker- взрывник

blaster - запальник

final measurements - заключительные измерения

exact quantity - точное количество

to displace rocks and soil - вытеснять камни и почву

metal fabricator - изготовитель металлоконструкций

to assemble - собрать

to install - установить
cut, shape, and bend - вырезать, придать форму, согнуть

specialized shops - специализированная мастерская

lift, weld, and bolt - взводить, сварить, и скрепить болтами

rebar worker- арматурщик

pour - лить

reinforced metal bars - усиленные металлические прутья

smooth finished panels - гладкие готовые панели

maintenance of roads or railways - содержание авто и железных дорог

smooth the ground - выровнять землю

pave road- вымостить дорогу

electrician- электрик

to run power lines - запустиь линии электропередач

install lights - установить фонари

a reliable structure - надежная структура

extensive communication and cooperation - обширная связи и сотрудничество

Dozens of different professionals are involved in designing, building, and maintaining tunnel systems. Geologists, surveyors, civil engineers, ironworkers, cement masons, and construction crews generally put in hundreds of labor hours to ensure that a tunnel is safe, reliable, and well-maintained. Most tunnel jobs, especially those involving the construction and maintenance of structures, are city government positions, though private companies are frequently contracted to perform highly specialized work in the development of a new tunnel.

Urban geologists and surveyors take measurements and record information about the area where a tunnel is to be built. They figure the appropriate length, width, and height for a new tunnel, and attempt to predict the risk of potential hazards, such as mudslides, rock falls, earthquakes, and collapsed support systems. Geologists also make sure that the construction of a new tunnel will not disrupt ecosystems or inconvenience humans who reside in the area.

Once an area of land is deemed safe and initial measurements have been made, civil engineers get to work designing the structure. Professionals determine the exact size and shape of the new tunnel, draw blueprints, calculate the expected costs of materials and laborers, and estimate the time needed to complete construction. They present their designs to city government officials for authorization and begin scheduling the different phases of the building process. Many civil engineers spend significant amounts of time at the build site to supervise the construction of new tunnels.

Many different types of skilled laborers work in tunnel jobs that involve the actual building of new structures. Highly-trained explosive workers and blasters take final measurements and calculate the exact quantity of explosives needed to displace rocks and soil. They carefully place and detonate explosives to clear the way for construction crews. Ironworkers and metal fabricators assemble and install large beams, trusses, and columns to provide the basic framework for the tunnel. Some professionals cut, shape, and bend materials in specialized shops according to blueprints, and others lift, weld, and bolt them into place at the job site.

Professional cement masons and rebar workers hold very important tunnel jobs. They first create forms out of metal or wood to provide the framework for concrete panels and columns. Workers pour cement around reinforced metal bars in the forms and allow it to dry. Cement masons then clear any excess concrete and smooth finished panels.

Other tunnel jobs involve the construction and maintenance of roads or railways that travel through structures. Construction crews smooth the ground, pave roads, and paint lines, and electricians are contracted to run power lines and install lights. Building a reliable structure involves extensive communication and cooperation between professionals in all tunnel jobs.

Private companies are not contracted to perform their professionalism.