Test yourself. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1. The United States of America comprises _______ states.
A. 50 B. 13 C. 49
2. The federal capital of The United States of America is located _______.
A. in the District of Columbia B. in the State of New York
3. The first American flag was made by _______.
A. Elisabeth Stanton B. Betsy Ross C. G. Washington
4. American people call the national flag _______.
A. the Stars and Stripes, the Old Glory
B. the Union Jack, the Saint George’s Cross, the Saint Andrew’s cross
C. the Stars and Bars, the Southern Cross
5. The American national flag has _______ stars and ______ stripes.
A. 20 / 15 B. 50 / 13 C. 13 /50
6. The national anthem of the United States of America is _______.
A. The Stars and Stripes B. America the Beautiful C. The Star-Spangled Banner
7. The motto of the U SA is _______.
A. “God save our gracious Queen” B. “In God we trust”
C. “Liberty Enlightening the World”
8. The Coat of Arms of The United States of America shows _______.
A. a bald eagle with a ribbon in its mouth bearing the motto “E plurubus unum”, 13 arrows and an olive branch in its talons
B. a shield, a crown, a lion, a unicorn and the motto “Dieu et mon driot”
C. a shield with coats of arms of four countries and three maple leaves
9. The two leading national parties of the United States of America are_______.
A. the Green Party and the Communist Party
B. the Conservative Party and the Labor Party
C. the Republican Party and the Democratic Party
10. The longest river of the U S A is _______.
A. the Tennessee B. the Mississippi C. the Colorado
11. American people celebrate Thanksgiving Day in _______.
A. July B. November C. September
12. The Declaration of Independence was written by ______________.
A. Ronald Reagan B. Thomas Jefferson C. George Washington
13. The first ten amendments to the US Constitution are called________.
A. the voting Rights Act B. the Civil Rights Act C. the Bill of Rights
14. The Emancipation Proclamation written by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 _______.
A. proclaimed the independence of the country from Britain
B. freed the Blacks in the South from slavery
C. gave women the right to vote
15. The tragic event happened on September 11, 2001 is _______.
A. the Twin Towers in New York were destroyed by terrorists
B. the American War in Afghanistan began
C. the American War in Iraq started
16. The oldest University of the United States of America is _______.
A. the University of California B. Harvard University
C. Princeton University
17. The center of the US automobile industry is _______.
A. San Francisco B. Chicago C. Detroit
18. The States of Iowa, Illinois and Indiana are called _______.
A. the Corn Belt B. the Wheat Belt C. the Rust Belt
19. The famous American presidents _______ are carved in Mount Rushmore in South Dakota.
A. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt
B. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt
C. George Washington, John Adams, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Jackson
20. Hollywood, the centre of the US film industry is located _______.
A. in Boston, Massachusetts B. in Los Angeles, California
C. in Miami, Florida
21. The symbol of US financial power is ________.
A. Times Square B. Pennsylvania Avenue C. Wall Street
22. The Metropolitan Museum of Art is located _________.
A. in New York B. in Atlanta C. in Washington
23. The biggest national holiday in the USA is ________.
A. Independence Day, the 4 of July
B. Halloween, the 31 of October
C. New Year, the 1 of January
24. The most popular game in the US is ________.
A. boxing B. baseball C. horse-racing
25. The state called “Evergreen State” is _____.
A. Ohio (OH) B. Washington (WA) C. Wisconsin (WI)
26. The address of the official residence of the president (the White House) is ___.
A. 17, Severnaya Dvina Emb, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
B. 1600, Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington DC
C. N 10 Downing Street, London
Unit 14________________
You will read & translate a text about Pomors. Before you read, discuss in pairs the following.
1. What is the Russian North famous for? 2. The Pomors are stay-at-home people, aren’t they? 3. When did the settlement of Pomorye begin? 4. What do you know about The Solovetski Island in the White Sea? 5. Were the Pomors literate? 6. Can the Russian North be proud of its culture? Prove it.
Pomors
What is Pomorye? By reading books and listening to my history and geography teachers I have learned much about Pomors. The land of Pomors is the European part of the Russian North, washed by cold seas. Scientists believe that the term “Pomory” used towards those who lived near the sea. Pomors or Pomory are Russian settlers and their descendants on the White Sea coast. Pomory (coast-dwellers) – is the native name of an ethnic group of an indigenous population of Pomorye. According to the general opinion of Russian researchers, the term can be dated back to the 12-th century. In the 12th century, explorers from Novgorod came by the White Sea through the Northern Dvina and Onega estuaries, settling along the sea coasts. Kholmogory was their chief town. They explored the Barents Region and the Kola Peninsula, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya. Russian settlers were opening up the Kola Peninsula during the 12th century because they needed fishing and hunting areas.
In the 12-15th centuries Pomorye formed an extensive colony of Great (Veliki) Novgorod - the then possessor of the lands. In the 12th century, the Novgorodians established the Archangel Michael Monastery in the estuary of the Northern Dvina. In 13th century on the establishment of better government in Moscow, the struggle for predominance over the Dvina lands started between (Veliki) Novgorod and the Moscow princes. It was a hard-won victory of the Moscow princes and ended the joining of Northern lands of the centralized Russian state in the late 15th century.
In 1584 Arkhangelsk settlement was founded on cape Purnavolok. Till the end of 17th century Arkhangelsk remained the main port of Moscow state. About 80 per cent of foreign trade turnover was made via Arkhangelsk, bread, hemp, timber, resin, furs and other products were exported from here.
In the 16th century Pomors discovered the Northern Sea Route between Arkhangelsk and Siberia. With their ships (koches), the Pomors penetrated to the trans-Ural areas of Northern Siberia, where they founded the settlement of Mangazeya east of the Yamal Peninsula.
Pomor culture gradually resulted from the assimilation of the local Ugrian-Finn culture with that of the first Old-Russian (not the Great Russian) population. In ancient times the land had been inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes.
The 2010 population census in Russia gave renewed impetus to acquisition the official status of indigenous people by Pomors. According to the opinion of eminent encyclopedists, Pomors were classified as Great Russians (I mean former term for Russian people as distinguished from other peoples of the Russian Empire) or referred to them as Russian traders and trappers of the North.
Nowadays encyclopedias or encyclopedic dictionaries consider Pomors as an independent ethnic group with their ethnic self-identity. And a lot of people now identify themselves as "Pomor" or of "Pomor origin". I know from newspapers that having official status of indigenous people they are provided for certain economic advantages within natural resources exploitation.
The Russian Far North is known for its extremely severe climate. The traditional occupations of Pomors included animal hunting, whaling and fishing. They were fishermen and ship builders. They went to sea in huge rowing boats. Pomors used to build one-mast boats and two-masters. The population of Pomorye was engaged in mica and salt production. They construct their houses using logs, in a style unique to them. Sea corn trade and fish trade with Northern Norway became very intensive.
I’d like to say a few words about a Northern village. There was usually a church in the centre of the village. Like most other Great Russians, Pomors are traditionally Orthodox Christians but a large percentage of or Pomors were Old Believers. The Pomors should not be confused with the Pomortsy - members of an Old Believer group which arose in the late 17th century in the northern Russia, and have since been represented by small communities throughout Russia and adjacent countries.
Not far from Arkhangelsk there is a picturesque place of Malye Karely. An outdoor museum of wooden architecture was opened at the beginning of the ‘70s. More than 100 monuments have been brought here from the banks of the Pinega, Mezen, Dvina and Onega rivers. Valuable remnants of folk culture have been collected and arranged into an original open-air exhibition. The museum gives us an idea of what a regular Northern village looked like.
All the area of the museum is divided into several zones representing different parts of the Region. A collection of farm yards with wells, bath-houses, barns, haylofts and threshing floor shows us the authentic lifestyle of Pomors.
Topical vocabulary
| estuary | дельта; устье реки |
| a descendant | потомок |
| a watershed | водораздел, бассейн реки |
| coast-dwellers | жители побережья |
| the then possessor of the lands | тогдашний владелец земель |
| Russian researchers | русские исследователи |
| the struggle for predominance over | борьба за господство над |
| a hard-won victory | победа, доставшаяся тяжело |
| hemp | пенька (грубое прядильное волокно, используемое для изготовления канатов, верёвок, шпагата) |
| resin | смола |
| Yamal Peninsula | Ямал (полуостров на севере Западной Сибири, Россия) |
| …gave renewed impetus to acquisition the official status | дала новый толчок к получению официального статуса |
| Finno-Ugric tribes | Финно-угорские племена |
| the 2010 population census | перепись населения 2010 г. |
| Great Russians | Великороссы (Название русских, в отличие от белорусов и украинцев, распространившееся в литературе с середины XIX в.) |
| Old-Russian | древнерусский |
| to identify | отождествлять |
| the official status of indigenous people | официальный статус коренного народа |
| eminent encyclopedists | известные энциклопедисты |
| trappers of the North | Северные охотники |
| an independent ethnic group | автономный этнос |
| indigenous people | коренное население |
| natural resources exploitation | использование природных ресурсов |
| extremely severe climate | чрезвычайно суровый климат |
| whaling | охота на китов; китобойный промысел |
| one-mast boats | одномачтовые шлюпки |
| mica production | производство слюды |
| corn trade | торговля хлебом |
| ethnic neighbourhood | этнический район (где проживает коренное население данной местности) |
| Orthodox | ортодоксальный, правоверный православный |
| Old Believers | Староверы |
| adjacent | смежный |
| an outdoor museum | музей под открытым небом |
| farm yards | сельские дворы |
| a well | колодец |
| a bath-house | баня |
| a barn | амбар |
Exercise1.