Прямой пассив. Косвенный пассив

Если в английском предложении в действительном залоге сказуемое имеет два дополнения - прямое и беспредложное косвенное, то ему могут соответствовать два предложения в страдательном залоге:

Не gave me a book. – Он дал мне книгу. (a book – прямое дополнение,

me– косвенное дополнение)

1. The book was given (to) me. - Книга была дана мне. (прямой пассив)

2. Iwas given a book. - Мне дали книгу. (косвенный пассив)

They showed us a new film. – Они показали нам новый фильм. (a new film – прямое дополнение, us – косвенное дополнение)

1. We were shown a new film. – Нам показали новый фильм. (косвенный пассив)

2.A new film was shown to us. – Нам был показан новый фильм. (прямой пассив)

Как видно из примеров, когда подлежащему английского предложения в страдательном залоге соответствует косвенное дополнение предложения в действительном залоге, русским эквивалентом сказуемого будет глагол в действительном залоге (неопределенно-личная форма типа: мне дали, нам показали).

Беспредложное косвенное дополнение может стать подлежащим страдательного оборота не при всех глаголах. К числу наиболее употребительных глаголов, с которыми возможны такие страдательные обороты, относятся:

to give (давать):

He was given a ticket to the concert. – Ему дали билет на концерт.

to grant (давать, предоставлять):

They were granted a loan. - Им был предоставлен заем.

to offer (предлагать):

He was offered some interesting work. – Ему предложили интересную работу.

to pay (платить):

They are paid twice a month. – Им платят дважды в месяц.

to promise (обещать):

I was promised this book. – Мне обещали эту книгу.

to show (показывать):

We were shown some interesting diagrams. – Нам показали интересные диаграммы.

to tell (рассказывать):

We were told the news yesterday. – Нам рассказали эту новость вчера.

to teach (преподавать):

They are taught French at school. – Им преподают французский язык в школе.

Предложный пассив

В английском языке в страдательном залоге употребляются также глаголы, требующие после себя предлога, т. е. употребляющиеся с предложными дополнениями. Предлог сохраняется в этом случае после глагола и уточняет лексическое значение глагола:

They laughed at him. – Они смеялись над ним.

He was laughedat. – Над ним смеялись.

We sent for the doctor. – Мы послали за доктором.

The doctor was sentfor. - За доктором послали.

В русском языке в таких случаях употребляется неопределенно-личное предложение.

Предложное косвенное дополнение может стать подлежащим страдательного оборота не при всех глаголах. К числу наиболее употребительных глаголов, с которыми возможны такие страдательные обороты, относятся:

to account for (объяснять):

The late arrival of the steamer is accounted for by the storm on the sea. – Поздний приход парохода объясняется бурей на море.

to agree upon (договориться о):

The terms were agreed upon. – Об условиях договорились.

to allude to (намекать на, касаться):

The question is alluded to in this article. – Этого вопроса касаются в статье.

to arrive at (достигать):

We hope that an agreement will be arrived at. – Мы надеемся, что будет достигнуто соглашение.

to comment upon (комментировать):

This event is commented upon in today’s newspapers. – Это событие комментируется в сегодняшних газетах.

to depend on (полагаться на):

This man can be depended on. – На этого человека можно положиться.

to dispose of (реализовать, ликвидировать):

The goods will be disposed of in a short time. – Товары будут реализованы в короткий срок.

to insist on (настаивать на):

These terms were insisted upon. – На этих условиях настаивали.

to interfere with (мешать):

He should not be interfered with. – Ему не следует мешать.

to laugh at (смеяться над):

He was laughed at. - Над ним смеялись.

to listen to (слушать):

He was listened to attentively. – Его внимательно слушали.

to look at (смотреть на):

She was looked at with surprise. – На нее посмотрели с удивлением.

to provide for (предусматривать):

Payment in cash is provided for by the contract. – Платеж наличными предусмотрен договором.

to refer to (ссылаться на):

This book is often referred to. – На эту книгу часто ссылаются.

to rely on (полагаться на):

This man can be relied on. – На этого человека можно положиться.

to speak of/about (говорить о):

The book is very much spoken of. – Об этой книге много говорят.

to send for (посылать за):

The doctor will be sent for at once. – За доктором пошлют немедленно.

to take care of (заботиться о):

His child is well taken care of.– О его ребенке хорошо заботятся.

to lose sight of (терять из виду):

At last the ship was lost sight of. – Наконец, пароход скрылся из виду.

В английском языке существует группа глаголов, например: to explain smth. to smb., to translate smth. to smb., to dictate smth. to smb., to describe smth. to smb., etc., с которыми в страдательном залоге (когда подлежащее представляет собой прямой непосредственный объект действия) возможна только одна конструкция, а именно:

This rule was explainedto me twice.

Данное предложение соответствует двум русским предложениям:

Это правило было объяснено мне дважды. (страдательный залог)

Мне объяснили это правило дважды. (неопределенно-личная форма)

EXERCISES

The Indefinite Tenses

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Make them negative and interrogative.

1. These workers are usually paid monthly. 2. This city was heavily bombed in the war. 3. The new computer system will be installed soon. 4. He was interrupted by the ringing of the telephone. 5. Each candidate is questioned in turn. 6. The work will be finished not later than on Friday. 7. The music could be heard far away. 8. Finally his name was called and the boy was pushed forward to the bar. 9. The goods must be examined today. 10. The children are taken good care of at home. 11. This proposal will be thought over next week. 12. The boat was soon lost sight of.

Exercise 2. Ask questions indicated in the brackets.

1. Such equipment is sold in special shops. (in what shops?) 2. These files must be returned in two hours. (when?) 3. This picture gallery was destroyed by the fire. (how?) 4. The money will be spent on medicine. (on what?) 5. Pictures are sold well nowadays. (how?) 6. Two days later the operation was performed. (when?) 7. He will never be allowed into their house again. (where?) 8. This work can be done in two days. (in how many days?) 9. Each apartment is usually shared by two or three girls. (by how many girls?) 10. The telegram must be dictated to the secretary. (whom?)

Exercise 3. Make the sentences passive.

1. Bees gather honey from the flowers. 2. We received this letter after his departure. 3. They will throw him into prison. 4. One can’t learn a foreign language in a few weeks. 5. She is a rude child. Her mother must teach her good manners. 6. We sent him for the doctor. (two variants) 7. At last they agreed upon the plan. 8. He always refers to this article. 9. We shall insist upon strict discipline. 10. You can rely on him. 11. The doctor ordered her a long rest. (two variants)

Exercise 4. Make the sentences active. Invent the subject where necessary.

1. I am often told about it. 2. Spartan children were taught by their parents to endure all hardships. 3. This article will be translated by your brother. 4. The letter must be found today. 5. His speech is spoken much about. 6. She was looked at with surprise. 7. The piano can’t be repaired at the moment. 8. She will be instructed carefully beforehand. 9. A new rule was explained to the students. 10. Such an important thing should be commented on.

Exercise 5. Open the brackets using the verb in passive.

1. On the 24th of February, 1848, Louis Philippe (drive) out of Paris, and the French Republic (proclaim). 2. The muscles (strengthen) by exercise and the body then (keep) in good condition. 3. Don't worry about her. She (meet) by her friends as soon as she arrives. 4. Whom these exercises (show) when they (copy) by the pupils? 5. Nearly a quarter of a century has passed since this book first (publish). 6. Tim studies hard. He hopes he (give) the highest grades this semester. 7. This quotation often (refer to) by the philosophers. 8. Dictionaries (may not use) at the examination. 9. The work (can do) tomorrow. 10. She looked a different girl. Her face (wash), her hair (comb). All traces of tears (remove). 11. Traffic rules (must follow). 12. The contract (sign) the next day.

Exercise 6. Make up sentences using the models.

Model 1: Luggage is always examined by the customs officers.

Use the following verbs: to drive, to play, to hear, to produce, to sell, to drink, to speak, to teach

Model 2: The theatre was built last year.

Use the following verbs: to do, to find, to write, to learn, to translate, to discuss, to finish, to use, to give back

Model 3: He will be told to come at three.

Use the following verbs: to grant a loan, to give a lot of work to do, to show the way to ..., to ask to bring..., to advise to learn

Model 4: The question must be discussed at once.

Use the following verbs: to meet, to speak, to find, to send (for), to do, to translate into, to ask, to sweep, to return, to leave

Model 5: The doctor was sent for.

Use the following verbs: to talk about, to agree upon, to arrive at, to comment upon, to depend on, to dispose of, to interfere with, to laugh at, to provide for, to take care of

Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the passive voice.

1. Эти вопросы обычно обсуждаются после работы. 2. Меня попросили помочь ему закончить эту работу. 3. Этот дом скоро построят. 4. Письма и газеты не приносят каждый день. 5. За доктором никого не послали. 6. Их не пригласят на ужин. 7. Тебе предлагают другую должность? 8. Эта книга была переведена на английский язык два года тому назад? 9. Когда мне покажут все, что я хочу посмотреть? 10. Ему могут дать эти журналы в понедельник утром. 11. Его надо сейчас же найти. 12. Об этом фильме будут много говорить.

13. Лекции Петрова слушают с интересом. 14. Детям велели быть дома в восемь часов. 15. Кем была написана эта статья?

The Continuous Tenses

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Make them negative and interrogative.

1. The new rule is being explained by the teacher. 2. This question was being discussed when I entered the room. 3. The walls are being covered with green paint. 4. Something was being said about her, but Julia couldn’t know what. 5. New methods of technology are being used in building houses now. 6. You were being listened to with great attention when I came in. 7. The letter is being typed now.

8. Wonderful discoveries are being made by Russian scientists. 9. The students were being examined for two hours. 10. The documents are being checked now.

Exercise 9. Ask questions indicated in the brackets.

1. A new house is being built on Elm Street. (where?) 2. When I entered the room, a new rule was being explained to the students. (when?) 3. All my problems are being solved. (what?) 4. The steamer is being discharged by the workers. (by whom?) 5. At 10 am the contract was still being checked by the legal adviser. (when?) 6. I’m just being instructed. (who?) 7. When you called, the letters were being signed by the director. (by whom?) 8. Important scientific research is being carried on now. (what?)

Exercise 10. Make the sentences passive.

1. We are discussing your question now. 2. The Customs officer is counting the cases. 3. The agent was informing the buyers about the arrival of the steamer. 4. All day long the professor was looking through their reports. 5. They are monitoring him night and day. 6. Some people were using the tennis court, so we couldn’t play.

7. This man is installing a new Xerox in the office. 8. She was pointing out the mistake to us and we were attentively listening to her.

Exercise 11. Make the sentences active. Invent the subject where necessary.

1. The building is being restored now. 2. Large quantities of coal were being produced by this mine a year ago. 3. This theater is being designed by a well-known architect. 4. I was being listened to with great suspect. 5. You are being laughed at.

6. My article is being published now. 7. When you rang up, the work was being finished.

Exercise 12. Open the brackets using the verb in passive.

1. Can you hear? Your report (discuss). 2. When I (introduce) to Betty, my telephone rang. 3. My suit (dry-clean). I can’t wear it. 4. When you come to Moscow next year, a new line of the underground (build). 5. When we were discussing this serious question, I (annoy) by his noisy children. 6. These goods are (export) to all European countries. 7. The meeting (hold) when I entered the office. 8. Do you know that this case (investigate) soon? 9. She felt that she (look at) with surprise. 10. … your house (build) yet?

Exercise 13. Make up sentences using the models.

Model 1: My car is being repaired now.

Use the following verbs: to examine, to show, to tell, to wake, to meet, to dust, to ask

Model 2: When I entered the room, my report was being discussed.

Use the following verbs: to inform, to destroy, to finish, to reconstruct, to mend, to watch

Model 3: You are being laughed at.

Use the following verbs: to speak of, to take care of, to comment upon, to interfere with, to listen to, to lose sight of

Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the passive voice.

1. Эта книга сейчас продается в магазинах. 2. Кто-то играл прекрасную мелодию. 3. В нашем городе строится новый мост. 4. Этот вопрос не обсуждался вчера на совещании. 5. Об этих детях не заботятся. 6. Твою машину ремонтируют? 7. Весь вчерашний день в офисе устанавливали новое оборудование? 8. Когда я приду на работу, письма еще будут печататься? 9. Об этой пьесе не много говорили. 10. На нее смотрели с удивлением.11. Когда мы разговаривали, нам постоянно мешали. 12. Пароход медленно скрывался из виду.

The Perfect Tenses

Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Make them negative and interrogative.

1. Their car has been sold. 2. He said the newspapers had been thrown away.

3. This work will have been completed by the time you come. 4. The event had been reported by the magazines before they arrived home. 5. The goods have been examined at the customhouse. 6. The documents will have been signed by 10 am.

7. The lost children have just been found in the park. 8. I hope the repairs will have been completed by tomorrow. 9. I knew that the equipment had already been delivered. 10. He has solved the problem at last.

Exercise 16. Ask questions indicated in the brackets.

1. New roses have been planted in her garden. (what?) 2. These data will have been collected by the end of the year. (by what time?) 3. When you came, the agreement had already been concluded. (by what time?) 4. All the instructions have been given to us by the boss. (by whom?) 5. They hope that this incident will have been forgotten by that time. (when?) 6. When he arrived, his house had been repaired, the fence had been painted and many flowers had been planted in his garden. (what?) 7. All my papers have been left at home. (where?)

Exercise 17. Make the sentences passive.

1. The manager has sent them the fax. 2. We knew that he had paid them a pretty sum of money. 3. They will have delivered the goods by the time you arrive.

4. They have already called the police. 5. He realized that he had made a rude mistake. 6. In two days we will have sold out all tickets. 7. He has taken a lot of wonderful photographs. 8. He closed the window when he had lost sight of her.

9. The scientists will have achieved the first results by tomorrow.

Exercise 18. Make the sentences active. Invent the subject where necessary.

1. Some historic dates have been mentioned by the lecturer. 2. I learnt that the truth had been told to him. 3. I hope this event will have been forgotten soon. 4. A wonderful cookery book has been given to me. 5. By the time we met again, all his problems had been solved. 6. The message will have been received by 6 a.m. 7. Large areas of forests have been destroyed. 8. He said that their team had been beaten twice. 9. We don’t know when the work will have been completed.

Exercise 19. Open the brackets using the verb in passive.

1. The letter (just type). 2. She showed me the article which (translate) by her brother. 3. The steamer (unload) when the agents arrives at the port. 4. All dry leaves (gather) 5. We noticed that the safe (break open) 6. The room looked nice. It (clean) 7. The new method will (introduce) next year. 8. My car (steel)! 9. Everything (arrange) when he appears.

Exercise 20. Make up sentences using the models.

Model 1: The question has already been discussed.

Use the following verbs: to finish, to forget, to decide, to leave, to revise, to do,

to sign

Model 2: When she came, the dinner had already been served.

Use the following verbs: to take away, to prepare, to lock, to redecorate, to change, to bring

Model 3: When you arrive, the house will have been sold.

Use the following verbs: to solve, to build, to post, to paint, to buy, to type, to marry

Model 4: An agreement has just been arrived at.

Use the following verbs: to comment upon, to dispose of, to send for, to lose sight of, to agree upon, to provide for

Exercise 21. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the passive voice.

1. Расписание изменили. 2. Мне сказали, что вас проинструктировали. 3. Все данные соберут завтра к полудню. 4. Эта статья еще не переведена. 5. Нам стало известно, что этот вопрос еще не улажен. (to settle - улаживать) 6. Когда вы приедете, эта работа еще не будет завершена. 7. Все необходимые меры уже приняты? 8. Разве это сочинение было написано вами до того, как вы делали доклад? 9. К концу дня пациента прооперируют?

Exercise 22. (Revision)Open the brackets, using the verb either in the passive or active voice.

1. Every year London (visit) by many people from all over the world. 2. The City of London (destroy) by fire in 1666 and by bombs in 1940. 3. Your computer (repair) soon. 4. He (not waste) time with foolish questions like why, when and where. He always (do) as he (tell). 5. The girl didn’t suspect that she (laugh at) as she spoke. 6. It (be) an old house that (divide) into flats. 6. New methods of technology (use) in building houses now. 7. The flight (announce) yet. 8. The Tower of London (use) as a fortress, a royal palace and a prison before it became a museum. 9. They hope that the hotel (build) by the end of the year. 10. Inez (occupy) a chair in the room’s center to which she (guide) on arrival. 11. He (see) that the door of Trans America Flight Two (not close) yet, and a few remaining passengers still (check) in.

Exercise 23.(Revision)Translate the following sentences paying attention to the passive voice.

1. За ним послали двадцать минут назад. 2. Эта книга еще не переведена на русский язык. 3. Почему на его статью никогда не ссылаются? 4. Она известная личность. О ней очень много говорят. 5. Больного не будут оперировать без его согласия. 6. Вам задавали дополнительные вопросы на экзамене? 7. Новая библиотека была построена до того, как мы поступили в университет. 8. Завтра к вечеру решение будет принято. 9. Я почувствовала, что на меня смотрят. 10. Их необходимо проинформировать. 11. Тебе когда-нибудь объясняли значение этих слов? 12. Всю информацию отправят электронной почтой.

СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЁН