Higher Education in Great Britain
There are 46 universities, 30 polytechnics and numerous colleges for more specialized needs, such as colleges of technology, technical colleges, of arts and agricultural colleges in England and Wales.
They all provide a wide range of courses from lower- level technical and commercial courses through specialized courses of various kinds to advanced courses for those who want to get higher-level posts in commerce, industry and administration, or take up one of a variety of professions.
Courses are a combination of lectures, seminars, tutorials and laboratory work. In a lecture the student is one of a large number of students. He listens to the lecturers, takes notes, asks no questions. In a seminar he raises problems and discusses them with his fellow students under the direction of one of the teachers. In a tutorial he is accompanied by only a handful of students and discusses his personal academic problems with a teacher.
Study in courses may be full-time and part-time. Full-time education includes sandwich courses in which periods of full-time study (for example, six months) alternate with full-time practical work and training in industry. Full-time and sandwich courses now are an important part of higher education in England and Wales. Part-time education may be taken during the day (for example, one day a week or full-time for short periods) or in the evening only. Particular feature of the higher education is its strong links with commerce and industry.
The system of higher education permits students to get whatever qualification they need.
Higher Education in the United States
There are more than two thousand institutions of higher education in the United States with the number of students ranging from fewer than a hundred to 40,000.
Young people who want to enter higher education must meet some requirements. They must have attended a high school for four years. No student is admitted to a college or university without having completed a four-year course in high school. This means that a student who wants to study at the university or college must begin by doing good work in high school. If his grades in high school are satisfactory, he is admitted to a university or college, where he may take a Bachelor’s degree after a four-year course of study. About fifty three per cent of pupils who complete their high school course go on to a college or university.
The first two years in an American college or university differ somewhat from a similar period in a European one. These years in American college are a continuation of secondary education. During this time certain courses in English, social sciences, natural sciences and so on must be completed before a student may begin an intensive study of this special field.
Nearly all of colleges and universities in the United States are coeducational. This means both men and women attend the same university. It is common for students to leave home to study, and only about 15% of all university students live at home while they study. Students may live either on the university campus in one of the dormitories or in private homes in the city in which the University is located.
University life provides a wide variety of recreational activities. Although a great deal of time must necessarily be devoted to study, students find time for recreation. There are football, basketball, and baseball games, teas and dances, concerts, debates, club programs and plays, to mention only a few of the many activities. Most recreational activities are not expensive for the student.
1. б
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ
Фонетика. Правила чтения
Фонетика
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn
Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
Буквы
Гласные: A,a [ei], E,e[i:], I,i[ai], O,o[ou], U,u[ju:], Y,y[wai].
Согласные: B,b[bi:], C,c[si:], D,d[di:], F,f[ef], G,g[dzi:],H,h[eit ƒ]
J,j[dzei], K,k[kei],L,l[el], M,m[em], N,n[en], P,p[pi:],
Q,q[kju:], R,r[a:], S,s [es], T,t [ti:], V,v[vi:],
W,w[‘dž blju:], X,x[eks], Z,z [zed].
Звуки
Согласные:[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g],[f],[v],[T],[d],[s],[z],[ƒ],[z],
[tƒ],[dz],[h],[j],[w],[l],[r] [m],[n],[ ]
Гласные.: краткие: [i],[e],[æ],[L],[u], [É], [ c]
долгие: [i:],[a:],[]:],[u:],[ c:],
дифтонги: [ei],[ai],[au],[]i],[ou], [ic], [ ec], [uc]
Особенности английской орфографии - 26 букв, 44 звука.
Типы ударного слога
I - открытый - оканчивается в произношении на гласный звук, а в написании на гласную букву, например:me,by.
II- закрытый - оканчивается в произношении на согласный звук, а в написании на согласную букву, например: at, pen.
III – гл. + R - слог, в котором ударная гласная прикрыта буквой «r», например: car, or, her, sir, fur.
IV – гл. + R + гл. -слог, где за буквой «r», которой прикрыта ударная
гласная, следует «немая » или другая читаемая гласная, например: care, here, fire, during.
| A[ei] O[ou] I[ai] Y[wai] E[i:] U[ju:] | [ei] fable fate [ou] no note [ai] pie pine [ai] by type [i:] me meet [ju:] [u:] due rule | [æ] fat [É] not [i] pin [i] gym [e] met [L] cut | [a:] far farm []:] nor north [c:] fir firm [c:] Byrd [c:] her term [c:] cur turn | [c] fare daring []:] more snoring [aic ] fire firing [aic] tyre tyrant [ic ] here hero [(j)uc] cure during |
В английском языке имеется также условно-открытый слог, оканчивающийся в произношении на согласный звук, а в написании на гласную букву «е», которая не читается («немая»). Например: Eve [i:v], Kate [keit], spoke [spouk], time [taim], use [ju:z]. Немая «е» указывает, что предшествующий слог открытый и гласная в нем имеет алфавитное чтение.
Сводная таблица чтения согласных букв
| Буква | Какие звуки передает | Пример |
| Вв Cc Dd Ff Gg Hh Jj Kk Ll | [b] [s](перед e, i, y) [k](перед o, u, a), согл. [d] [f] [® ] (перед e, i, y) [g] (перед o, u, a), согл. [h] [® ] [k] [l] | bed, bad face cat, cup, cry do [du:] friend large gun, go, green Исключения: get, girl, give he jim, jam book lamp |
| Mm Nn Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Vv Ww Xx Zz | [m] [n] [p] [kw] [r] [s] [t] [v] [w] [ks] [z] | my no, nine pen quick red yes ten five well box size |
Запомните следующие правила:
ÞВ конце слов английские звонкие согласные никогда не оглушаются.
Например: ebb [eb], bag [bæg]
ÞАнглийские согласные перед любыми гласными произносятся твердо.
ÞГлухие согласные перед звонкими не озвончаются.
Например: [‘i gli ‘ buks], в конце слов они произносятся энергично и
четко.