Types of nuclear reactors.

As indicated under history, nuclear power stations are divided into 4 generations. Power stations currently under construction belong to the 3rd generation. The first generation were prototypes from the 1950s and 1960s, the second generation were commercial power stations that were built until the end of the last century. This means that the Borssele nuclear power station belongs to the second generation. The third generation is not extremely different to the 2nd, but it does include a number of improvements in the field of safety, reliability and cost price of electricity generation. A lot of research is being performed globally with regard to the fourth generation. This involves truly new concepts, in which the entire nuclear fuel cycle is included (recycling of waste, more effective use of uranium, etc.).

The third generation mainly concerns light water reactors (LWR). Almost 80% of all reactors currently operational are of this type. Normal water is used here as neutron moderator and transfers the heat from the nuclear reaction to the turbines that generate the electricity. The most important difference is the one between pressurised and boiling water reactors, the first type of which is found more often (58%). 21% of all nuclear reactors are boiling water reactors.

Compared to light water reactors, the design of the helium-cooled Pebble Bed reactors is much more innovative. These are also called the III+ generation. In this type of reactor the uranium nuclear fuel is not contained in rods but in pebbles: spheres the size of tennis balls. Helium is used as a coolant instead of water. The reactor is operated at high temperatures (depending on the type up to around 900°C) and the hot helium gas is used to drive the turbines directly. This design has a much higher efficiency than that of water-cooled reactors: around 41% instead of 34%. In addition to this, these reactors are inherently safe. The pebbles can withstand temperatures of up to 1600°C.

Several years ago, an international committee selected six reactor types for further research. In addition to the VHTR, the SCWR (Super Critical Water Cooled Reactor) is being developed, which should provide a very high efficiency for electricity production. The reactor is cooled by water at extremely high pressures and a temperature of 550°C. Work is also underway on the MSR – Molten Salt Reactor – whereby the reactor core itself circulates, which operates at a high temperature (700°C) and therefore has a high generation efficiency.

Exercise 12.Make 10 True/False sentences on the text

Exercise 13.Make up 10 questions on the text and answer your partner’s questions.

Exercise 14.Give extra information about

a) Light water reactors;

b) Helium-cooled Pebble Bed reactors;

c) The very high temperature reactors;

d) Super Critical Water Cooled Reactors

e) Other types of reactors.

TEST YOURSELF

Types of nuclear reactors. - student2.ru

He _____ hard on his report every week.

Ahas worked	Cworks
B will be working	D is working

We _____ just _____ this problem with my parents.

Awill have, discussed	Chas, discussed
B have, discussed	D had, discussed

3. All the students of our group _____ the dean’s lecture yesterday.

Awill attend	Chave attended
B attend	D attended

Professor _____ the lecture in Literature now.

Awill deliver	Chas delivered
B is delivering	D delivers

The documents _____ by yesterday.

Ahave been signed	Chad been signed
B will sign	D signed

6. What are you doing? I _____ a novel by Mark Twain.

Ahave read	Cwas reading
B read	D am reading

It _____ me long to get to the university yesterday.

Atook	Cwas taken
B takes	D had taken

8. What club _____ next month?

Aare you going to join	Cyou are going to join
B have you joined	D you will join

9. The plane _____ from the Heathrow Airport at nine o’clock tomorrow morning.

Awill leave	Cis leaving
B will be leaving	D leaves

The lesson _____ when I arrived.

Ahas already started	Chad already started
B started	D had already been started

By next year they _____ Japanese for 2 years.

Awill teach	Chas taught
B will have been teaching	D are teaching

12. I can't translate this article because I _____ the many words.

Ahaven't known	Cdon't know
B didn't know	D won't know

13. Who speaks English in your family? I _____ .

Aam	Cdo
B have	D speak

We _____ from the University in three years.

Awill graduate	Chave graduated
B graduated	D will be graduating

They _____ in a sport competition last week.

Ahad taken part	Chave been taking part
B have taken part	D took part

16. How long _____ English so far?

Ahave you learnt	Care you learning
B have you been learning	D did you learn

He used to talk to us for hours about all the interesting things he _____ in his life.

Ahad been doing	Chas done
B was done	D has been done

When I _____ at school all of us _____ Latin.

Awas, had studied	Chad been, were studying
B was, were studying	D have been, studied

When I _____him, he _____ as a waiter for a year or so.

Amet, had been worked	Cmet, had been working
B had met, had worked	D have met, was working

20. 'What a beautiful dress you're wearing!' 'Thanks! It _____ especially for me by a French tailor.'

Awill be made	Cmade
B has been made	D was being made

ДОДАТОК 1

Список неправильних дієслів

be	was/ were	been
beat	beat	beat
become	became	become
begin	began	begun
bite	bit	bitten
blow	blew	blown
break	broke	broken
bring	brought	brought
broadcast	broadcast	broadcast
build	built	built
burst	burst	burst
buy	bought	bought
catch	caught	caught
choose	chose	chosen
come	came	come
cost	cost	cost
cut	cut	cut
deal	dealt	dealt
do	did	done
draw	drew	drawn
drink	drank	drunk
drive	drove	driven
eat	ate	eaten
fall	fell	fallen
feed	fed	fed
feel	felt	felt
fight	fought	fought
find	found	found
fly	flew	flown
forbid	forbade	forbidden
forget	forgot	forgotten
forgive	forgave	forgiven
freeze	froze	frozen
get	got	got
give	gave	given
go	went	gone
grow	grew	grown
hang	hung	hung
have	had	had
hear	heard	heard
hide	hid	hidden
hit	hit	hit
hold	held	held
hurt	hurt	hurt
keep	kept	kept
know	knew	known
lay	laid	laid
lead	led	led
leave	left	left
lend	lent	lent
let	let	let
lie	lay	lain
light	lit	lit
lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
mean	meant	meant
meet	met	met
pay	paid	paid
put	put	put
read	read	read
ride	rode	ridden
ring	rang	rung
rise	rose	risen
run	ran	run
say	said	said
see	saw	seen
seek	sought	sought
sell	sold	sold
send	sent	sent
set	set	set
shake	shook	shaken
shine	shone	shone
show	showed	shown
shut	shut	shut
sing	sang	sung
sink	sank	sunk
sit	sat	sat
sleep	slept	slept
slide	slid	slid
speak	spoke	spoken
spend	spent	spent
split	split	split
spread	spread	spread
stand	stood	stood
steal	stole	stolen
stock	stuck	stuck
strike	struck	struck
swim	swam	swum
take	took	taken
teach	taught	taught
tear	tore	torn
tell	told	told
think	thought	thought
throw	threw	thrown
understand	understood	understood
wake	woke	woken
wear	wore	worn
win	won	won
write	wrote	written

ДОДАТОК 2

Зведена таблиця часів в англійській мові

PresentIndefinite	Affirmative I (we, you, they) play He (she. it) plays. Negative I (we, you, they) do not play He (she. it) does not play. Question Do I (we, you, they) play Does he (she, it) play?	· action in the present taking place once, never or several times facts actions taking place one after another action set by a timetable or schedule	always, every …, never, normally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually if sentences type I (If I talk, …)
Present Continuous	Affirmative I’m playing He (she, it) is speaking. You (we, they) are playing Negative I’m not playing He (she, it) is not speaking. You (we, they) are not playing Question Am I playing? Is he (she, it) speaking? Are you (we, they) playing?	action taking place in the moment of speaking action taking place only for a limited period of time action arranged for the future	at the moment, just, just now, Listen!, Look!, now, right now
Past Indefinite	Affirmative I (you, he, we …) played Negative I (you, he, we …) did not play Question Did I (you, he, we …) play?	action in the past taking place once, never or several times actions taking place one after another action taking place in the middle of another action	yesterday, ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday
Past Continuous	Affirmative I (he, she, it) was playing You (we, they) were playing Negative I (he, she, it) was not playing You (we, they) were not playing Question Was I (he, she, it) playing? Were you (we, they) playing?	action going on at a certain time in the past actions taking place at the same time action in the past that is interrupted by another action	when, while, as long as
Present Perfect	Affirmative I (you, we, they) have played He (she, it) has played Negative I (you, we, they) have not played He (she, it) has not played Question Have I (you, we, they) played? Has he (she, it) played?	putting emphasis on the result action that is still going on action that stopped recently finished action that has an influence on the present action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of speaking	already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now
Present Perfect Continuous	Affirmative I (you, we, they) have been playing He (she, it) has been playing Negative I (you, we, they) have not been playing He (she, it) has not been playing Question Have I (you, we, they) been playing	putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result) action that recently stopped or is still going on finished action that influenced the present	all day, for, since, how long?, the whole week
Past Perfect	Affirmative I (you, we, he …) had played Negative I (you, we, he …) had not played Question Had I (you, we, he …) played	action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)	already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day
Past Perfect Continuous	Affirmative I (you, we, he …) had been playing Negative I (you, we, he…) had not been playing Question Had I (you, we, he) been playing	action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action	for, since, the whole day, all day
FutureIndefinite	Affirmative I (you, we, he …) will play Negative I (you, we, he…) will not (won’t) play Question Will I (you, we, he …) play	action in the future that cannot be influenced spontaneous decision assumption with regard to the future	in a year, next …, tomorrow, probably, perhaps
Future Continuous	Affirmative I (you, we, he …) will be playing Negative I (you, we, he…) will not (won’t) be playing Question Will I (you, we, he …) be playing	action that is going on at a certain time in the future action that is sure to happen in the near future	in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future Perfect	Affirmative I (you, we, he …) will have played Negative I (you, we, he…) will not (won’t) have played Question Will I (you, we, he …) have played	action that will be finished at (by) a certain time in the future	by Monday, in a week
Future Perfect Continuous	Affirmative I (you, we, he …) will have been playing Negative I (you, we, he…) will not (won’t) have been playing Question Will I (you, we, he …) have been playing	action taking place before a certain time in the future putting emphasis on the course of an action	for …, the last couple of hours, all day long

ДОДАТОК 3

ПЕРЕВІР СЕБЕ

TEST 1

Choose the correct form.

1.When I _____ that morning, the sun _____ brightly and the birds _____ .

Awas getting up,shone; sang	Cget up, is shining; are singing
B got up, was shining; were singing	D got up, is shining; is singing

2.The student _____ to the question when the headmaster _____.

Areplied, is coming in	Cwas replying, came in
B am replying, came in	D is replying, was coming in

3. 'Who _____ after your baby when you're at work?' 'My mother _____.

Alooks, does	Clook, does
B will have looked, will	D is looking, do

4.She turned and saw _____ laughing girl.

A–	Can
B a	D the

5._____ British are a nation of newspaper readers.

A–	CAn
B A	D The

6.What _____ beautiful picture you’ve bought!

A–	Can
B a	D the

7._____ Times is the most popular newspaper among _____British readers.

A–, –	CAn, the
B A, the	D The, –

8.How long _____ each another ?

Ahad you known	Cyou have known
B will have you known	D have you known

9.By yesterday the teacher _____ all the students.

Ahas examined	Cexamined
B was examined	D had examined

10.He _____ just _____ two big apples.

Awas, eaten	Cwas, eating
B has been, eaten	D has, eaten

11.When they _____ the hall the performance _____.

Aentered, has already begun	Centered, had already begun
B will enter, was already begun	D had entered, already began

12.I _____ my work by seven o'clock tomorrow.

Ahave finished	Cfinish
B will have finished	D finished

13.He _____ the exams by last Friday.

Ahas passed	Cpassed
B was passing	D had passed

14.My friends _____ across _____ Atlantic.

Awill never travel,an	Cis ever travelling,a
B have never travelled, the	D had never travelled –

15._____ Manhattan is in _____ New York.

AThe, –	C–, –
B The, the	D A, the

16.He _____ her since he was five years old.

Aknows	Chave known
B has known	D knew

17.I _____ hard all day. I'm exhausted.

Ahave been working	Cwill work
B worked	D was working

18. I _____ every day for the last six months.

Aexercises	Cis exercising
B have been exercising	D will exercise

19.They _____ to _____ Austria last winter.

Ahave gone, an	Cgo, the
B went, −	D had gone, −

20.This time next week I _____ my exam.

Awill take	Ctake
B taken	D will be taking

21._____ Dead Sea is very salty.

AThe	C–
B A	D An

22._____ Nile is _____ longest river in _____ Africa.

A–, the, an	CThe, the, an
B The, the, –	D The, a, –

23.My cousin _____ to us since he changed his address.

Ahadn’t written	Chasn’t written
B didn’t write	D doesn’t write

24.Kevin _____ he _____ all over the world by that time.

Ahopes, will have travelled	Cis hoping,travels
B hope, will travel	D hoped, will be travelling

25.When we _____ to Paris, we _____ the Eiffel Tower.

Ago, will climb	Care going,are climbing
B will go, climb	D went, will have climbed

26.By the time my father _____, he _____ for the same company for thirty years.

Aretired,will work	Cretires, will have been working
B will retire, will be working	D is retiring, is working

27. Mr. Richards and his wife _____ Italian for three years now.

Aare learning	Care learning
B have learnt	D have been learning

TEST 2

Choose the correct form.

1. I We always have_____ dinner at five o’clock.

A –	Ca
B an	D the

2. Sue _____ as many books as she could carry herself.

Awill have taken	Ctakes
B took	D is taking

3. When Ted _____ a new job, he _____ less dependent on his parents.

Ais finding, is becoming,	Cfinds, became
B has found, will become	D found, became

4. _____ Arctic Ocean is _____ of all.

AAn,colder	C −,the colder
B the, coldest	D the, the coldest

5. They _____ just _____ this issue with their boss.

Awill have, discussed	Chas, discussed
B have, discussed	D had, discussed

6.Mr. Robbins _____ the lecture in English Litterature now.

Awill deliver	Chas delivered
B is delivering	D delivers

7.What are you doing? I _____ a book.

Ahave read	Cwas reading
B read	D am reading

8.The plane _____ from Kharkov at eight o’clock tomorrow morning.

Awill leave	Cis leaving
B will be leaving	D leaves

9.I _____ to go out tonight. I _____ too tired.

Adon't want, am	Cdoesn’t want, was
B didn’t want, will be	D don’t want, will have been

10.My sun doesn’t go to _____ school on _____ Saturday and Sunday.

A– , –	C–,a
B a, –	D the, –

11._____ Dnieper is _____ main river in _____ Ukraine.

AA, a, –	C– , the, –
B The, the, –	D The, a, the

12._____ Ivanovs ____ a prize last week.

A–, won	Ca, have won
B an, are winning	D the, won

13.Give me _____ pen, I’ve lost _____ .

Ayour, my	Cyour, mine
B yours, me	D you, my

14.The film _____ when I arrived.

Ahad already started	Chas already started
B started	D will have started

15.By next year I _____ Literature for 5 years.

Awill teach	Chas taught
B will have been teaching	D are teaching

16.Who _____ Chinese in your family? I _____ .

Aspeak, do	Cspeaks , do
B speaks, have	D speak, speak

17.We _____ from the University in four years.

Awill graduate	Chave graduated
B graduated	D will be graduating

18.He didn’t even know _____ Browns had _____ daughter.

A–. the	C–, the
B a, a	D the, a

19.He _____ an article from the latest magazine today.

Ahas already read	Cwas already read
B had already read	D already read

20.How long _____ English so far?

Ahave you learnt	Care you learning
B have you been learning	D did you learn

21.When I _____him, he _____ for that company for a year or so.

Amet, had been worked	Cmet, had been working
B had met, had worked	D have met, was working

22.He found _____ wallet in the street yesterday.

A–	Can
B a	D the

23.I _____ him _____ day before yesterday.

Ahave seen, –	Csaw,an
B have seen, the	D saw, the

24.Your father is such _____ interesting person.

A–	Can
B a	D the

25.When we _____ into the hall they _____ this problem.

Acame,discussed	Chad come, are discussing
B were coming, have discussed	D came, were discussing

26.The speech _____ ready by 6 o'clock yesterday.

Ahad been	Cwill be
B has been	D was

27.The meeting _____ at 5 o'clock yesterday.

Abegan	Chad begun
B has begun	D was beginning

28.When I _____ over the phone, my friend _____ .

Awas speaking; was reading	Cspoke, was reading
B spoke; read	D had spoken, have read

TEST 3

Choose the correct form.

1.John _____ to George when I saw him.

Awas talking	Ctalks
B will be talking	D is talking

2.Peter said that she _____ the baby at that time.

Ais feeding	Cfeeds
B will feed	D was feeding

3._____ Chicago is on _____ Lake Michigan.

AThe, a B.–. the

C–, – DThe, the

4.She _____ Paris by the end of the month.

Awill have left	Cwill be leaving
B will leave	D has left

5.Peter _____ to London at three tomorrow morning.

Awill be flying	Cflies
B was flying	D will fly

6.Nobody _____ harder than John _____ .

Awork, works	Chave worked, have
B are working, is	D works, does

7.My uncle plays _____ drums in a band.

A —	C a
B an	D the

8.I like _____ cities. I wouldn’t like to live in _____ country.

A a, —	C —, a
Bthe,an	D —,the

9.The US President _____ for health reasons. He _____ his decision a few minutes ago.

A resigns, announces	C resigned, announced
B resign, announce	D resigned, has announced

10.The police _____ a man since early this morning.

A have questioned	C have been questioning
B has questioned	D had been questioning

11. This time next week I _____ in the Paris.

A will walk	C will be walking
B would walk	D am walking

12. _____ Peter this week? – No, he _____ to Greece.

A Have you seen, has been	C Did you see, was
B Have you seen, has gone	D Did you see, went

13.The project was very expensive. It _____ millions of pounds.

A was costing	C will cost
B cost	D has cost

14.In my left hand I was carrying _____ small bag with things I would need on the journey.

A —	C a
B an	D the

15.It was in _____July on _____motorway near _____ London.

A the, the, the	C —, the, the
B —, the, a	D —, the, —

16.Sorry, I can’t talk now because _____.

A I’m driving	C I drove
B I drive	D I was driving

17.How long _____ this television? We _____ it for at least five years.

A did you have, had	C have you had, had
B do you have, had	D have you had, have had

18.Let’s hope we get _____ nice weather.

A —	C a
B an	D the

19.We travelled across America from _____ coast to _____ coast.

A —, —	C a, a
B an, an	D the, the

20.When they went _____ France , they employed _____ house-sitter.

A to, −	C in, an
B to, a	D in, the

21.She _____ alone at the moment.

A lived	C has lived
B lives	D is living

22.I _____ physical exercises three times a day.

A am doing	C have done
B do	D am done

23._____ Celts were an ancient people who used _____ iron to make tools.

A —, —	C A, a
B —, an	D The, the

24.The village of Greyford _____ largely traffic-free since its by-pass _____ a year ago.

A has been, opened	C has been, has opened
B was, opened	D was, has opened

25.Someone _____ me last week that you _____ up your job.

A has told, gave	C has told, have given
B told, gave	D told, had given

26.That dog _____ for half an hour.

A is barking	C is barked
B has been barking	D had barked

27.Mark _____ the instructions.

A didn’t understand	C don’t understand
B wasn’t understood	D understand

28.Are you ready to go? – No, not yet. I _____breakfast.

A still have	C am still having
B still had	D have still had

TEST 4

Choose the correct form.

1.This morning _____ bus I always get to work by was late.

A —	C a
B an	D the

2.My favourite subject is _____ history, but I’m not very good at _____ maths.

A —,—	C a, a
B an, an	D the, the

3.What time does your plane arrive? I’ll come to _____ airport to meet you.

A —	C a
B an	D the

4.While we _____ a drink, a waiter _____ a pile of plates.

A had, dropped	C had, was dropping
B were having, dropped	D were having, was dropping

5.Why have you got so many eggs? – Because I _____ an omelette.

A will have made	C am going to make
B make	D have made

6.We can’t play outside because it _____.

A rains	C was raining
B is raining	D had rained

7.What time _____ you get home last night?

A do	C were
B are	D did

8.Martha _____ me a lift because I _____ the train.

A gave, had missed	C gave, have missed
B had given, had missed	D had given missed

9.I was nervous during the flight because I _____ before.

A haven’t flown	C hadn’t flown
B didn’t fly	D wasn’t flying

10.I work for _____ company that makes _____ carpets.

A —, —	C a, the
B a, —	D the, the

11.My friend lives in _____ same street as me.

A —	C a
B an	D the

12.Leave early if you want to miss _____ rush hour.

A —	C a
B an	D the

13.Last night we had _____ dinner in _____ restaurant.

A —, a	C a, —
B a, the	D the, the

14.She was telling me about _____ life she led in an earlier existence.

A —	C a
B an	D the

15.I must get _____ pair of tights here.

A —	C a
B an	D the

16.For the last ten years, engineers _____ noise levels in Britain’s cities.

A were measuring	C have been measuring
B measured	Dhave measured

17.You _____ text messages for half an hour.

A are sending	C have sent
B are sent	D have been sending

18.This box _____ two kilos.

A has weighed	C weighs
B is weighing	D is weighed

19.John writes articles for a newspaper. He is ____ journalist.

A. a C.an

B.the D. –

20.____Grand Hotel is in Baker Street.

A. A C.An

B.The D. –

21.When we got home last night, we found that somebody ___ into the flat.

A.had broken C. broke

B. has broken D. was broken

22.I ___ hard, so now I’m going to have a rest.

A.have been working C. was working

B.had worked D. will work

23.I ___ you for ages.

A.didn’t see C. saw

B.haven’t seen D. see

24.Don’t phone me between 6 and 7. I ___ dinner.

A.will have C.will be having

B. will have had D. have

25.Wait here until I ___ back.

A.will come C.am coming

B.come D. came

26.I’ve written the letter but I haven’t posted it ___.

A.just C. yet

B. always D. already

27.We ___ England this year.

A.were in C.are at

B.had been in D. have been to

28.My sister is a talented writer. She ___ many books.

A.has already written C.already writes

B.already wrote D. had already written

TEST 5

Choose the correct form.

1.Usually the train ___ London at 11.30.

A.leave C. will leave

B.is leaving D. leaves

2.I think something ____ wrong with the television. I can’t get a picture at all.

A.had goneC.had been going

B. has gone D.will be going

3.The money ______ on the table.

A. is C.are

B.were D. has

4.It’s the first time he ___ a car.

A.drives C. drive

B. has driven D. had driven

5.By next year they ___ married for 25 years.

A.will have been C.are

B.will be D. have been

6.I’ll tell you when he ___.

A.comes C.will come

B.come D. came

7.Don’t worry if I ___ late tonight.

A.will be C.have been

B. am D. was

8.It snowed a lot last winter but it ___ this winter.

A.snowing C.hasn’t snowed

B.would have snowed D. hadn’t snowed

9.Tom ___ his key yesterday.

A.has lost C. was losing

B.loses D. lost

10.What ___ this word mean?

A.do C.will be

B.does D. is

11.I don’t think I ___ out tonight.

A.havegone C. ’ll go

B. would have gone D. ’ll be going

12.We didn’t know when they ___ home.

A.leave C.was leaving

B.will leave D. left

13.___ Statue___ Liberty is at the entrance to ___ New York harbour.

A. The, of, – C.The, the, –

B.The, at, the D. A, of, –

14.I have played _____ piano since I was eight.

A. the C.an

B.a D. –

15.I ___ English since December.

A.am learning C. have been learning

B. learn D. learnt

16.What time ___ Ann tomorrow?

A.you are meeting C.you meet

B.are you meeting D. you will meet

sidering

17.I ___ to bed now. Good night!

A.will be going C.go

B.went D. am going

18.______ tomato is ______ vegetable.

A. the, a C.a, a

B.a, the D. –, -

19.He likes ______ tomatoes and _______cucumbers.

A. the, a C.a, a

B.a, the D. –, –

20.Taiwan was called "Isla Formosa" by ___ Dutch.

A. the C.an

B.a D. –

21.While I _____ to the assistant, the manager found my receipt.

A. complained C.have been complaining

B.have complained D. was complaining

22.______ UK has _____ strong economy.

A. The, the C.A, a

B.The, a D. The, −

23._____ language of _____ England is ____British English.

A. The, the, the C.The, an, a

B.The, −, − D. −, −, −

24.___pandas and ___ tigers are both endangered animals.

A. A, a C.The, an

B. The, −, D. −, −

25.As soon as he _____, tell him to call me back, please.

A. arrives C.will arrive

B. arrive D. has arrived

26.Robert _____ in Kenya a few weeks ago.

A. arrives C.will arrive

B. arrived D. has arrived

27.My aunt _____ in the park when I met her.

A. had walked C.walks

B.was walking D. has walked

Contents

Передмова 3

UNIT 1...................................................................................................................................................... 4

GRAMMAR. PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE; PRESENT CONTINUOUS.................................. 4

TEXT 1. WHAT IS PHYSICS ....................................................................................................... 8

TEXT 2. MOBILE PHONES ....................................................................................................... 13

TEST YOURSELF...................................................................................................................... 14

UNIT 2.................................................................................................................................................... 17

GRAMMAR PAST INDEFINITE TENSE; PAST CONTINUOUS............................................... 17

TEXT 1. GALILEO’S EXPERIMENTS ...................................................................................... 21

TEXT 2. ALBERT EINSTEIN .................................................................................................... 24

TEST YOURSELF...................................................................................................................... 25

UNIT 3.................................................................................................................................................... 28

GRAMMARFUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE; FUTURE CONTINUOUS.................................... 28

TEXT 1. IS THE EARTH GETTING HOTTER?.......................................................................... 32

TEXT 2. SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT PHYSICS....................................................... 36

TEST YOURSELF...................................................................................................................... 37

UNIT 4................................................................................................................................................... 40

GRAMMAR “THERE+ BE” CONSTRUCTION; ARTICLES .................................................... 40

TEXT 1. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION ................................................................................ 45

TEXT 2. VISUAL ASSISTANTS ................................................................................................ 47

TEST YOURSELF...................................................................................................................... 48

UNIT 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 51

GRAMMARPRESENT PERFECT; PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST NDEFINITE ..................... 51

TEXT 1. RADITION .................................................................................................................. 56

TEXT 2. HARM AND BENEFIT OF RADIATION .................................................................... 60

TEST YOURSELF...................................................................................................................... 61

UNIT 6.................................................................................................................................................... 63

GRAMMAR PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS ................................................................... 63

TEXT 1. THE ROLE OF GRAVITY ........................................................................................... 65

TEXT 2. ЕFFECTS OF WATCHING TOO MUCH TV .............................................................. 69

TEST YOURSELF...................................................................................................................... 70

UNIT 7................................................................................................................................................... 71

GRAMMARPAST PERFECT; FUTURE PERFECT; REVISION OF TENSES ........................... 71

TEXT 1. NUCLEAR REACTORS .............................................................................................. 74

TEXT 2. TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS ............................................................................ 78

TEST YOURSELF...................................................................................................................... 79

ДОДАТОК 1 ……………...……………………………………………………………………………...…… 81

ДОДАТОК 2 ……………………………………………………………………………...………………...… 84

ДОДАТОК 3 ............................................................................................................................. 86

ДЛЯ НОТАТОК

ДЛЯ НОТАТОК

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