Грамматический минимум к контрольному заданию 2

Письменные консультации

Следует сообщить своему рецензенту о всех затруднениях, возникающих у вас при самостоятельном изучении английского языка, а именно:

а) какие предложения в тексте, упражнении вызывают затруднения при переводе;

б) какой раздел грамматики вам непонятен;

в) какие правила, пояснения, формулировки неясны.

При этом укажите название учебника или учебного пособия, по которому вы занимаетесь, издательство, год издания, страницу учебника, номер упражнения.

Подготовка к зачетам

В процессе подготовки к зачетам рекомендуется:

а) повторно прочитать и перевести наиболее трудные тексты из учебника;

б) просмотреть материал отрецензированных контрольных работ;

в) выполнить выборочно отдельные упражнения из учебника для самопроверки;

г) повторить материал для устных упражнений.

Раздел III

Контрольные задания

Грамматический минимум к контрольному заданию 1

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 1, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса.

1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Выражения падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания – S. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. Конструкции типа the more…the less.

Числительные.

4. Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.

5. Формы настоящего (Present),прошедшего(Past) и будущего(Future) времени группы действительного залога изъявительного наклонения Simple. Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past и Future Simple. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма.

6. Простое распространенное предложение: прямой порядок слов повествовательного и побудительного предложения в утвердительной и отрицательной формах; обратный порядок слов вопросительного предложения. Оборот there is (are).

7. Основные случаи словообразования.

Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.

Образцы выполнения упражнений

Образец 1 (к упр. I)

Грамматическая функция окончания – S

1. Shools, colleges and universities in Britain are closed on Saturdays and Sundays.

В школах, колледжах и университетах Британии не занимаются по субботам и воскресеньям.

schools – множественное число от имени существительного a school;

colleges – множественное число от имени существительного a college;

universities – множественное число от имени существительного a university;

Saturdays – множественное число от имени существительного Saturday;

Sundays – множественное число от имени существительного Sunday.

2. Who looks after the older generation?

Кто ухаживает за пожилыми людьми?

looks – 3-е лицо единственного числа от глагола to look в Present Simple.

3. Englishmen became the world’s leading trading nation

Англичане стали ведущей торговой нацией.

слово world’s – окончание притяжательного падежа имени существительного в единственном числе.

4. Many old people live in Old Peoples’ Homes, which may be private or state owned.

Многие пожилые люди живут в частных или государственных Домах для престарелых.

Слово peoples’ – форма притяжательного падежа имени существительного people во множественном числе.

Образец 2 (к упр. II)

Особенности перевода на русский язык английских имен существительных, употребляющихся в функции определения, стоящего перед определяемым словом.

In Britain young people like Youth Clubs, thousands of them for music, games, dancing.

В Британии тысячи молодых людей любят Клубы для Молодых(Молодежные клубы) за возможность послушать музыку, поучаствовать в играх, потанцевать.

There are about 10 million old-age pensioners in Britain.

В Британии около 10 миллионов престарелых пенсионеров. (пенсионеров по возрасту)

Образец 3 (к упр. v)

British inventors and engineers gave the world the first railways steam-ships and many other, things that are now familiar every where.

Британские изобретатели и инженеры подарили миру первые железные дороги, пароходы и многое другое, известное теперь повсюду.

gave – Past Simple Active от нестандартного глагола to give

are – Present Simple Active от нестандартного глагола to be

Варианты контрольного задания № 1

Вариант 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) Small groups of Indians lived scattered over the land between the Atlantic and the Pacific.

2) The country is governed in the Queen’s name by the Government.

3) The House of Commons, which plays the major part in lawmaking consists of 635 elected members of Parliament.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным (см. образец выполнения 2).

1) In 1971 there was a reform of the British money system.

2) In everyday speech, the contraction “p” (pronounced [pi:]) is generally used instead of the full word “pence”.

3) Just over 700,000 farm workers provide over half the food needed by some 55.5 million people.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1) The London Marathon (марафон) is one of the biggest in the world.

2) The air in cities became much cleaner.

3) The more we know the more we forget.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1) More newspapers are read in Britain than in any other European country.

2) Some of Britain’s top scientists are engaged in space research.

3) There are no letters for you on the table.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).

1) The leader of the winning party automatically becomes Prime Minister.

2) British Prime Ministers lived and live at 10 Downing street since 1731.

3) According to the Department of Transport, traffic on all roads will double during the next 30 years.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык 1-7 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 абзацы.

THE UNITED KINGDOM

1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of four main countries which are: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are: London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast. The UK is an island state, it is composed of some 5500 islands, large and small.

2. The UK is one of the world’s smaller countries. It is situated off the northwest coast of Europe between the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the North Sea to the east, and is separated from the continent by the English Channel and the Strait of Dover¹.

3. One can see two animals on British royal coat of arms. One of them is the lion. The “King of beast” has been used as a symbol of national strength and of the British monarchy for many centuries. The other one is the unicorn². It is a mythical animal that looks a horse with a long straight horn growing from its forehead, and is a symbol of purity.

4. The formal name of the British national flag is Union Jack. It combines the St. George’s cross of England, St. Andrew’s cross of Scotland and St. Patrick’s cross of Ireland. The United Kingdom or UK is a political term. All of four countries are represented in Parliament and the abbreviation UK is used on most official documents.

5. The class system is very impotant in Britain. It is created by complex system of accents³, school and family. Social position is often based on the traditions or history of the family, not is money. Many people’s class can be identified immediately by the way they speak.

6. Britain is split up into counties. County councils are elected to runthings⁴, such as education, housing, town planning, rubbish disposal⁵.

7. Britain is a constitutional monarchy. But the monarch’s constitutional role is mainly symbolic.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Дуврский пролив

2. единорог

3. говор

4. управлять делами

5. уборка мусора

7. Прочитайте 5-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Какой из вариантов ответа соответствует по содержанию одному из предложений текста?

What created class system in Britain?

1) The way people speak created the class system.

2) Class system was created by traditions and the way people speak.

3) Complex system of accents, school and family created class system.

Вариант 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием – s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) Very often parents treat their children more as equals than they used to.

2) The House of Commons consists of members of Parliament.

3) Numbers make the postman’s work much easier.

1) Most children at day schools have their midday meal at school and go home about 4 o’clock.

2) In 1958 Britain began the first transatlantic jet service.

3) There is a National Youth Theatre with a high standard of performance, most of its actors are teenagers.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1) Today Britain is the world’s biggest exporter of cycles.

2) Although Britain is a highly industrialized country, agriculture is still one of her most important industries.

3) More than 55 million people live in Britain now.

1) In some areas there are middle schools for children of about 9 to 13 who then move to senior (выпускной, старший, последний) comprehensive schools.

2) Do you know any names of Britain’s famous writers, poets, musicians, actors and singers?

3) “There is no place like home” – the English say.

1) The English are a nation of stay-at-home.

2) The Greeks were pioneers in the theatre.

3) The government gives financial help in the form of a pension but in the future it will be more and more difficult for the nation economy to support the increasing number of elderly.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык 1-3 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 2 абзацы.

WHO ARE THE BRITISH

1. Most people are English, Scottish or Welsh, but in some British cities you can meet people of many different nationalities. But is Britain a cosmopolitan society? It really depends on where you go. In 1991 5.5 per cent of the 57 million population described themselves as belonging to an ethnic minority. Most members of ethnic minorities live in the South – East. In Greater London, they represent 20 per cent of the population.

2. People have been coming to Britain for centuries: some to get a better life, some to escape natural disasters, some as political or religious refugees. Many Irish people came to England in 1845 to escapefamine¹, but usually they came to find work. Most of the roads, railways and canals built in the nineteenth century were made by Irish workers.

3. The greatest wave of immigration was in the 1950’s and 1960’s. This happened not only in Britain but also throughout Western Europe. Many companies needed people for unskilled or semi–skilled jobs. Britain advertised²particularly in the English – speaking islands of the Caribbean, for² people to come to Britain and work. Other people came from Pakistan, Bangladesh, India and Hong Kong.

4. The number of people asking to settle in Britain is rising, but Britain, since 1971, has reduced the number of people (coming from outside Europe) which it allows to stay. Many people in Britain, in spite of anti – racist – laws, blame unemployment and poor housing³ on “immigrants”.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. зд. – не умереть с голода

2. зд. – приглашать через рекламу

3. зд. – плохое жилье

7. Прочитайте 4-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

Why has Britain reduced the number of people coming from outside Europe which it allows to stay?

1) … because of unemployment.

2) … because of unemployment and poor housing.

Вариант 3

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) The rooms upstairs are bedrooms; they are often very small.

2) The front door, which faces the street opens into a hall with two rooms, one on each side of the hall.

3) The British people are the world’s greatest tea drinkers.

1) Motorcar manufactures, for example, advertise the colour of their cars as “Embassy Black” or “Balmoral Stone”.

2) Most people in Britain work a five-day week, from Monday to Friday.

3) England is the land of brick fences and stone walls (often with glass embedded along the top).

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1) The traditional opinion about the British, or the English in earlier centuries, was based on the habits of those Britons who could afford to travel, the diplomats and merchants.

2) The British look on foreigners in general with contempt and think that nothing is as well done elsewhere as in their own country.

3) Much leisure time is spent in individualistic pursuits (занятие), of which the most popular is gardening.

1) Why do some British people tend to regard their own community as the centre of the world?

2) Many British people give their suburban house a name, such as the Cedars, the Poplars,even though there are no trees in their gardens.

3) Englishmen are hostile, or at least bored, when they hear any suggestion that some modification of their habits might be to their advantage.

1) Snobbery is not so common in England today as it was at the beginning of the century.

2) In 1963 Britain joined the Common Market.

3) To most people the name of Scotland Yard brings to mind the picture of a detectivecool, collected, efficient, ready to track down any criminal with complete confidence that he will bring him to justice.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык 1-5 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите их.

BRITISH HOMES

1. About 80 per cent of British people live in houses built close together. Detached houses are usually in expensive suburbs, quite far from the town centre. Terraced houses and blocks of flats are mostly found in town centers. They can either be very small two-storey houses with one or two bedrooms or large houses with three or five floors and four or five bedrooms.

2. About 67 per cent of people in Britain own their houses or flats. Most of the rest live in rented accommodation. People in Britain buy houses or flats because there is not enough rented accommodation and what there is can be expensive.

3. Council flats¹ and houses are built and owned by the local council. After the Second World War a lot of council flats, known as tower blocks, were constructed. Some were as high as 20 storeys and so badly built that they had to be pulled down only thirty years later.

4. Modern housing estates² are built differently now. There might be a mixture of two-storey terraced houses together with a four-storey block of flats. There are play areas for children and there is often a community centre³ where people who live on the estate can meet.

5. Since 1980’s council tenants have been able⁴ to buy their own homes very cheaply if they have lived in them for over two years. By 1993, 1,5 million council houses had been sold, but only 5000 council houses or flats were built to replace them. This means that it is now very difficult to find cheap housing or rent.

6. Most British houses have a garden and many British people spend a lot of time in it. Most gardens, even small ones, have flowers and a lawn. If you don’t have a garden, it is possible to grow flowers and vegetables on at allotment⁵ which is a piece of land rented from the local council.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. муниципальное жилье

2. микрорайон

3. центр общения

4. зд. – жители могут

5. зд. – участок

7. Прочитайте 6-й абзац и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

Where can British people grow flowers if they have no gardens?

Вариант 4

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) Many outstanding statesmen, painters, writers and poets are buried in the Abbey.

2) Many visitors to the Abbey are attracted to Poets’ Corner.

3) The street called Whitehall stretches from Parliament Square to Trafalgar Square.

1) Scotland Yard is situated on the Thames Embankment close to the Houses of Parliament and the familiar clock tower of Big Ben.

2) An interesting branch of Scotland Yard is the branch of Police Dogs, first used as an experiment in 1938.

3) The popular nickname of the London policeman “bobby” is a tribute to Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the police force in 1829, and whose Christian name attached itself to members of the force.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1) Most museums of London are free and give free guided tours as well as lectures.

2) Some cinemas are cheaper on Mondays; others sell half-price tickets before 6 p.m.

3) The Cutty Sark¹at the village of Greenwich on the River Thames is the most famous teaclipper in Britain.

Пояснения:

The Cutty Sark – Катти Сарк – последний из больших чайных клиперов, стоит в Гринвиче в сухом доке, открыт для публики как музей.

1) Some people think that the monarchy should be abolished.

2) The monarchy in Britain has no power and it costs the State a lot of money to maintain.

3) Can you give any examples borrowed from books and films characterizing the British people?

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).

1) Everybody knows about the devotion of the English to animals.

2) You might think that marriage and the family are not so popular as they once were.

3) During the nineteenth century Britain traded all over the world.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык 1,2,3,4,6 абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,2,3 абзацы.

LONDON

1. London is where the invading Romans first crossed the River Thames. They built a city a square mile in size, surrounded it with a wall and called it Londinium. This original site of London is now called the Cityof London¹ and is Britain’s main financial centre.

2. The City is only a very small part of London. In the eleventh century London began to expand beyond the City walls when King Edwardthe Confessor² built a huge abbey at Westminster. Even today, Westminster Abbey and the Houses of Parliament, as well as the shops, cafes, theatres and cinemas of the West End, are in the City of Westminster and not in the City of London.

3. The saying “When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life” (Dr. Johnson) is a cliche, but you can’t be bored³ in London. There are hundreds of historic buildings, galleries and museums. There are parks and street markets, over 80 theatres and even more cinemas.

4. If you want to discover London, it is best to start with a tour on a sightseeing bus. It is also fun to go on a guided walk. The walks last up to three hours.

5. The centre of London has many different areas. Each one has its own special character. Covent Garden⁴ in London West End, is crowded with cafes, clubs and clothes shops. Soho⁴ is also known for its clubs. Knightsbridge⁴ has a lot of exclusive and expensive shops, as well as many of the embassies. Fleet Street⁴ is the home of Law Courts. One part of the West End has so many Chinese shops and restaurants that is called Chinatown.

6. When you go outside the centre you find many areas which used to be small villages. The villages became part of the city when they expanded but they still managed to keep their village character. Hampstead⁴, the best known of the villages, is extremely expensive.

Пояснения к тексту:

1. Сити

2. король Эдвард

3. зд. – не заскучаешь

4. названия

7. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

What is called Chinatown?

Вариант 5

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1) The ceremony of the Changing of the Guard that takes place daily at eleven o’clock in the morning provokes most interest among tourists.

2) The two principal public attractions of the Royal Academy are the famous series of Winter Exhibitions and the annual Summer Exhibition.

3) The Queen’s Gallery has special exhibitions from the Royal collection and may be visited every day except Monday.

1) The men took hard and heavy jobs in industry, and the women took the low-paid jobs in factory canteens or restaurants.

2) The British government’s policy is that immigrants and their children should enjoy equality of opportunity in every possible way.

3) The remarkable collection of “Holmesiana₂” to be seen includes revolvers, handcuffs, a police lantern, a model of han some-cab and some 19-th-century cartoons.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1) Hyde Park has a large and most attractive lake called the Serpentine.

2) Street – salesmen promise that the goods are of the highest quality and much cheaper than those you can buy in the West End.

3) Immigrants hoped to find a better way of life in Britain.

1) The British say that once upon a time people in England kept to any side of the road they liked.

2) There are no trams in London since 1952.

3) Some have had to leave their country for religious or political reasons.

1) The East End markets are famous throughout the world.

2) Yet, many people still discriminate against immigrants and their children because of the colour of their skin.

3) The Royal Academy’s services to the arts began nearly 200 years ago.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1 по 4 абзацы. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 абзацы.

STRATFORD – UPON – AVON

1. No town of comparable size enjoys such universal popularity as Stratford-upon-Avon, the birth-place of William Shakespeare. Year by year the fame of its long established Shakespeare Festival spreads as increasing numbers of visitors from all parts of the world come to enjoy the plays of the greatest dramatist of all time.

2. Originating as a river – crossing settlement, Stratford-upon-Avon has served as the market centre of the surrounding countryside since the grant of its market in 1196. Since 1553 Stratford has remained a self- governing borough and today has a basic population of some fifteen thousand people.

3. Stratford is a town with a character and atmosphere of its own. Apart from the beauty of its river, its streets and buildings preserve many links with its interesting past. Most famous are the properties and gardens associated with Shakespeare and his family.

4. The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre is the centre of the Shakespeare Festival. The brick-built theatre was erected in 1932 to replace an earlier theatre destroyed by fire. It is without doubt one of the best equipped theatres and its Shakespearean productions attract an international audience.

5. The House where Shakespeare was born in 1564 and spent his early years is a half-timbered building. It is visited by pilgrims from all over the world. The interior of Shakespeare’s Birthplace contains many features of unusual interest. The poet’s birthroom on the first floor is a fascinating room with a low, uneven ceiling and is furnished after the pattern of a middle-class home such as the Shakespeare family occupied. It is the famous window on which are recorded the signatures of distinguished people who visited the house.

7. Прочитайте 5-й абзац и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

What is Shakespeare’s house?

1) It is middle-class home.

2) It is a half-timbered building.

3) It is a house with low, uneven ceiling.

Грамматический минимум к контрольному заданию 2

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Видо-временные формы глагола: а) активный залог – формы Simple (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future); б) пассивный залог – формы Simple (Present, Past, Future).

Особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык.

2. Модальные глаголы:а) выражающие возможность: can (could), may и эквиваленты глагола can – to be able; б) выражающие долженствование: must, его эквиваленты to have to и to be to; should.

3. Простые неличные формы глагола:Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Gerund – герундий, простые формы.

4. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные); придаточные обстоятельственные предложения времени и условия.

5. Интернациональные слова.

Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений.