Irregular verbs

Verb	past tense	past participle	verb	past tense	past participle
begin	began	Begun	hurt	hurt	hurt
bind	bound	Bound	keep	kept	kept
bite	bit	Bitten	know	knew	known
blow	blew	Blown	lay	laid	laid
break	broke	Broken	learn	learned, learnt	learned, learnt
bring	brought	brought	leave	left	left
build	built	built	lend	lent	lent
burn	burned, burnt	burned, burnt	let	let	let
burst	burst	burst	lie	lay	lain
buy	bought	Bought	lose	lost	lost
can	could	Could	make	made	made
cast	cast	cast	may	might	might
catch	caught	Caught	mean	meant	meant
choose	chose	Chosen	meet	met	met
come	came	Come	pay	paid	paid
cost	cost	cost	read	read /red/	read /red/
cut	cut	Cut	ring	rang	rung
deal	dealt /delt/	Dealt	rise	rose	risen
dig	dug	dug	run	ran	run
do	did	Done	say	said	said
draw	drew	Drawn	see	saw	seen
dream	dreamed, dreamt	dreamed, dreamt	sell	sold	sold
drink	drank	Drunk	send	sent	sent
drive	drove	Driven	set	set	set
eat	ate	Eaten	shake	shook	shaken
fall	fell	Fallen	shoot	shot	shot
feed	fed	Fed	shut	shut	shut
feel	felt	Felt	sing	sang	sung
fight	fought	Fought	sink	sank, sunk	sunk
find	found	Found	sit	sat	sat
fly	flew	flown	sleep	slept	slept
forbid	forbade, forbad	Forbidden	speak	spoke	spoken
forget	forgot	forgotten	stand	stood	stood
forgive	forgave	Forgiven	steal	stole	stolen
get	got	got (gotten AmE)	strike	struck	struck
give	gave	Given	swim	swam	swum
go	went	Gone	swing	swung	swung
grow	grew	Grown	take	took	taken
have	had	Had	teach	taught	taught
hear	heard	Heard	tell	told	told
hide	hid	hidden, hid	think	thought	thought
hit	hit	Hit	throw	threw	thrown
hold	held	Held	understand	understood	understood
			wear	wore	worn

WORD FORMATION

Noun formation

The endings -er, -ment, and -ation can be added to many verbs to form nouns, like this:

-er	-ment	-ation
drive driver	amaze amazement	admire admiration
open opener	develop development	associate association
teach teacher	pay payment	examine examination
fasten fastener	retire retirement	organize organization

John drives a bus. He is a bus driver.

Children develop very quickly. Their development is very quick.

A can opener is a tool for opening cans.

The doctor examined me carefully. He gave me a careful examination.

The endings -ity and -ness can be added to many adjectives to form nouns, like this:

-ity / -ty	-ness
cruel cruelty	dark darkness
odd oddity	deaf deafness
pure purity	happy happiness
stupid stupidity	kind kindness

Don’t be so cruel. I hate cruelty.

It was very dark. The darkness made it impossible to see.