Direct Moods
THE CATEGORY OF MOOD
NON-FINITE FORMS
Навчально-методичний посібник
з граматики англійської мови
для студентів ІІ курсу
Горлівка
УДК 101.1::316
ББК Ю87.633.3
The Verb: The Category of Mood. Non-finite Forms. Навчально-методичний посібник з граматики англійської мови для студентів ІІ курсу / Уклад. Т. І. Шавлюк. – Горлівка, 2012. – 96 с.
Навчально-методичний посібник містить теоретичний матеріал по вивченню непрямих способів та безособових форм дієслова в англійській мові і серію різноманітних вправ тренувального та комунікативного характеру, які можуть бути використані як під час аудиторних занять, так і для самостійної роботи. Окремі завдання посібника (Gap Filling, Matching, Correcting Mistakes, Multiple Choice) мають контролюючий характер, тому можуть бути рекомендовані як тести для перевірки розуміння теми.
Посібник можна використовувати як додатковий матеріал до базових підручників для студентів ІІ курсу.
Рецензент: докт. педаг. наук, проф. Я. М. Бельмаз
Затверджено на засіданні кафедри практики мовлення та інформаційних технологій ГДПІІМ (протокол №1 від 28.08. 2012)
ББК Ю87.655.3
The Category of Mood
Mood is a verbal category, which expresses the relation of the situation described in the sentence to reality from the speaker’s point of view.
According to professor A.I. Smirnitsky there are six moods in Modern English (we share this point of view, too): two direct moods – the indicative and the imperative, and four indirect (oblique) moods – the Subjunctive I and Subjunctive II, the Conditional and the Suppositional.
Direct Moods
The direct moods present actions or states as real facts, e.g.: We are students (the indicative), Give me the book (the imperative).
The Indicative Mood shows that the action or state expressed by the verb is presented as a fact, as something which has occurred or is occurring at the moment of speaking or will occur in the future. It may denote actions with different time – reference and different aspective characteristics. Therefore the indicative mood has a wide variety of tense and aspect forms in the active and passive voice, e.g.:
Her clothes arealwaysbeing ridiculed.
We wenthome early in the evening.
We shall have known each other for two years by the end of this year.
The Indicative Mood is also used to express a real condition, i. e. a condition the realization of which is considered possible.
If Catherine disobeys, she will be disinherited.
In the Imperative Mood the speaker urges the person addressed to perform an action. This may be expressed in the form of a command, a request, a warning, etc. As the imperative mood does not actually denote a specific action it has no tense category; the action always refers to the future. Aspect distinctions and voice distinctions are not characteristic of it, although forms such as, be writing, be warned sometimes occur.
The imperative mood form coincides with the plain stem of the verb, for example: Come here! Hurry! Leave the door open!
In forming the negative the auxiliary verb to do is always used, even with the verb to be, e. g.: Hush! Don’t make a noise! Don’t be angry!
The auxiliary verb to do may also be used in affirmative sentences to make the request more emphatic, e. g.: But now, do singagain to us. Do comeandstaywith us. Do tell me what he said.
A command or request addressed to the third person singular or plural is usually expressed with the help of the analytical form let… + infinitive.When the person addressed is denoted by a personal pronoun,itis used in the objective case, e. g.: Let the child go home at once! Lether translate the leading article.
With the first person plural the verb to let is used to express an exhortation to a joint action, for example: Let’s go and havesome fresh coffee. Letusleave this place.
The subject of an imperative is seldom expressed unless it is emphatic. In Old English the pronoun – subject was generally placed after the verb. This word – order is still found in some set phrases, e. g.: Look you! Mind you! Go you!
In Modern English the subject expressed by the pronoun you is sometimes used to make a request or an order more emphatic. It is characteristic of colloquial speech, e. g.: I’ll drive and you sleep awhile. Never you mind what I came here for.
The imperative mood is used only in imperative sentences and can’t be used in questions.
Will you? very often follows the imperative. In such imperative sentences the order becomes modified by the addition of will you? into a kind of request, e. g.: Bring me my spectacles, will you? Just give me some money, will you?