Characteristics of offenders 3 страница
VOCABULARY
| arson | поджог | resentment | чувство обиды |
| arsonist; dwelling | жилище | rationally | разумно |
| gravity | серьезность, тяжесть | burglar | вор-взломщик |
| extent | степень | anxious | озабоченный |
| endanger | подвергать опасности | phenomenon | феномен |
| revenge /vengeance | месть | premises | дом с прилегающими пристройками и участком |
| jealous | ревнивый | fraudulent | мошеннический |
| excitement | возбуждение | insurance claim | иск из страхования |
| pathological | патологический | suicidal impulse | влечение к самоубийству |
| impulse | побуждение | sick fancies | болезненные фантазии |
1) What did arson consist of in common law? 2) What is now arson in English law? 3) What may the gravity of the crime depend on? 4) What act may arson be committed as? 5) Whom may arson be committed by? 6) Pathological behaviour is impossible to control, isn't it? 7) When do pupils usually set schools on fire? 8) Who may set fire to a house to conceal the evidence of his crime? 9) Who may be anxious to conceal accounts from an auditor? 10) Who sets fire to premises in order to make a fraudulent insurance claim?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Arson includes setting fire to the dwelling of another person.
2) Setting fire to rubbish is absurdity. 3) Any kind of damage involuntarily caused by fire is arson. 4) The gravity of the crime doesn't depend on the extent to which life is endangered. 5) Arson may be committed as an act of vengeance against an employer. 6) A lucky lover may commit arson. 7) Persons who are not interested in fires may commit arson. 8) Arson may be committed by persons who have suicidal impulses to set fires. 9) Pupils out of amusement sometimes set schools on fire. №) Pupils out of sick fancies sometimes set schools on fire. 11) A burglar may set fire to a house to hide the evidence of his crime. 12) An employee sets fire to cover accounts from an auditor. 13) A fire setter sets fire to his own premises in order to make a dishonest insurance claim.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Arson of setting fire to the dwelling of another person consists. 2) Setting is fire to rubbish arson. 3) Any kind is of damage deliberately caused by fire arson. 4) The gravity of the crime depend on the extent to which life is endangered may. 5) Arson may be as an act of revenge against an committed employer. 6) A commit jealous lover may arson. 7) Persons commit who find excitement in fires may arson. 8) Arson may be by persons who have pathological impulses to committed set fires. 9) Pupils set out of resentment sometimes schools on fire. 10) Pupils set out of simple vandalism sometimes schools on fire. 11) A burglar set fire to a house to conceal the evidence of his may crime. 12) An employee fire to conceal accounts from an auditor sets. 13) A fire setter fire to his own premises in order to make a fraudulent insurance claim sets.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into
English.
Ревнивый; возбуждение; патологический; побуждение; чувство обиды; разумно; вор-взломщик; озабоченный; феномен; поджог; влечение к самоубийству; жилище; тяжесть; степень; подвергать опасности; месть; мошеннический; иск из страхования; забава; нелепость.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) Arson consisted of ... 2) Any kind of damage deliberately caused by fire is ... 3) Setting fire to rubbish is ... 4) The gravity of the crime may depend on ... 5) The law may distinguish ... 6) Most systems consider ... 7) ... differs. 8) Arson may be committed ... 9) Schools are set on fire by ... 10) A burglar may set fire to ... 11) An employee may set fire to ... 12) Another phenomenon is ...
Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak of arson:
a) its conception;
b) its motivation.
Retell the text “Arson”.
Unit 9
► Ex. I. Scan through the text Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.
Theft.Theft (or larceny) is probably the most common crime involving a criminal intent. The crime of grand larceny in some U.S. jurisdictions consists of stealing more than a specified sum of money or property worth more than a specified amount. The traditional definition of theft specified the physical removal of an object that was capable of being stolen, without the consent of the owner and with the intention of depriving the owner of it forever. This intention, which has always been an essential feature of theft, does not necessarily mean that the thief must intend to keep the property—an intention to destroy it, or to abandon it in circumstances where it will not be found, is sufficient. In many legal systems the old definition has been found to be inadequate to deal with modern forms of property that may not be physical or tangible (a bank balance, for instance, or data stored on a computer), and more sophisticated definitions of theft have been adopted in modern legislation. The distinction that the common law made between theft (taking without consent) and fraud (obtaining with consent, as a result of deception) has been preserved in many modern laws, but the two crimes are rarely regarded as mutually exclusive, as they were in the past. It is now accepted that an act may constitute both theft and fraud, as in the theft and subsequent sale of an automobile. Burglary is the crime of breaking into a dwelling or into a building by night with intent to commit a felony or to steal things. The essence of burglary is normally the entry into a building with a criminal intent. Entry without the intent to commit a crime is merely a trespass, which is not criminal in many jurisdictions. Although the motivation of most burglars is theft, but it is possible, for instance, to commit burglary with intent to rape. Robbery is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence. It involves the application or the threat of force in order to commit the theft. Robbery takes many forms—from the mugging of a stranger in the street, in the hope of stealing whatever he may happen to have in his possession, to much more sophisticated robberies of banks, involving numerous participants and careful planning.
VOCABULARY
| larceny | воровство | subsequent | последующий |
| grand larceny | похищение имущества в крупных размерах | burglary | ночная кража со взломом (противоправное проникновение в помещение с умыслом совершить в нем фелонию или кражу) |
| specify | точно определять | felony (a serious crime) | фелония |
| abandon | оставлять | trespass | нарушение владения |
| tangible | осязаемый, материальный | burglar | вор-взломщик |
| sophisticated | утонченный | mug | нападать сзади, схватив за горло (с целью ограбления) |
| fraud | мошенничество | stranger | незнакомец |
| deception | обман | criminal intent | умысел |
1) What is the most common crime involving a criminal intent? 2) What does the crime of grand larceny consist of? 3) What did the traditional definition of theft specify? 4) What intention was an essential feature of theft? 5) What intentions are sufficient now? 6) Why were more sophisticated definitions of theft adopted in modern legislation? 7) What distinction did the common law make between theft and fraud? 8) What was preserved in many modern laws? 9) Theft and fraud are rarely regarded as mutually exclusive, aren't they? 10) Theft and fraud were regarded as mutually exclusive in the past, weren't they? 11) What is the crime of breaking into a dwelling by night with intent to steal things? 12) What is the essence of burglary? 13) Entry without the intent to commit a crime is merely a trespass, isn't it? 14) What is not criminal in many jurisdictions? 15) What is the motivation of most burglars? 16) Is it possible to commit burglary with intent to rape? 17) What is the commission of theft in circumstances of violence? 18) Robbery involves the application or the threat of force in order to commit the theft, doesn't it? 19) What forms does robbery take?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Thievery is the most common crime involving a criminal intent. 2) Theft is the physical removal of an object that was incapable of being stolen. 3) Theft is the physical removal of an object with the consent of the owner. 4) Theft is the physical removal of an object without the intention of depriving the owner of it forever. 5) Fraud is a method of legally getting money or property from someone, often by using clever and complicated methods. 6) Burglary is the crime of breaking into a dwelling by night with intent to commit a serious crime such as murder. 7) The essence of burglary is normally the entry into a building with a peaceful intent. 8) Entry with the intent to commit a crime is merely a trespass. 9) The motivation of most burglars is to maintain a family. 10) Robbery is the commission of theft without violence. 11) Robbery doesn't involve the application of force in order to commit the theft. 12) Robbery involves the threat of violence in order to commit the theft. 13) Robbery is the practice of hypnotizing people in the street. 14) Robbery involves many participants and precise planning to steal things from a bank.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Theft the most common crime involving a criminal is intent.
2) Theft the physical is removal of an object that was capable of being stolen. 3) Theft the physical removal of an object without the consent of the owner is. 4) Theft the physical removal of an is object with the intention of depriving the owner of it forever. 5) Fraud a method of illegally getting money or property from someone, often by is using clever and complicated methods. 6) Burglary the crime of breaking into a dwelling or into a is building by night with intent to commit a felony or to steal things. 7) The essence is of burglary normally the entry into a building with a criminal intent. 8) Entry is without the intent to commit a crime merely a trespass. 9) The motivation is of most burglars theft. 10) Robbery circumstances is the commission of theft in of violence. 11) Robbery in order to commit the involves the application of force theft. 12) Robbery order to commit the theft involves the threat of force in. 13) Robbery is the the street mugging of a stranger in. 14) Robbery participants and careful planning might involve numerous to steal things from a bank.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Содержать семью; угроза насилием; воровство; точно определять; оставлять; осязаемый; утонченный; мошенничество; обман; последующий; ночная кража с взломом; фелония; нарушение владения; вор-взломщик; проникать в жилище; нападать сзади; незнакомец; насилие; вовлекать; умысел; воровать; могущий быть украденным; сущность; лишать владельца собственности навсегда.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) Theft is ... 2) The crime of grand larceny consists of ... 3) The traditional definition of theft specified ... 4) This intention to commit the theft does not ... 5) Modern forms of property may not be ... 6) Theft means taking ... 7) Fraud means obtaining ... 8) Theft and fraud are rarely regarded as ... 9) Burglary is ... 10) The essence of burglary is ... 11) Entry without the intent to commit a crime is ... 12) Robbery is ... 13) Robbery involves ... 14) Robbery takes ...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) theft; b) fraud; c) burglary; d) robbery. Retell the text Theft.
UNIT 10
► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.
Organized crime.In addition to that segment of the population made up of individual criminals acting independently or in small groups, there exists a so-called underworld of criminal organizations engaged in offenses such as organized vice (drugs, prostitution, pornography, loan-sharking, gambling), cargo theft, fraud, robbery, kidnapping for ransom, and the demanding of "protection" payments. [Loan-sharking is lending money at extremely high rates of interest.] In the United States and Canada, the principal source of income for organized crime is the supply of goods and services that are illegal but for which there is continued public demand. Organized crime in the United States is a set of shifting coalitions between groups of gangsters, business people, politicians, and union leaders. Many of these people have legitimate jobs and sources of income. In Britain groups of organized criminals have not developed in this way, principally because the supply and consumption of alcohol and opiates (a type of drug that contains opium and makes you want to sleep), gambling, and prostitution remain legal but partly regulated. This reduces the profitability of supplying such demands criminally. British crime organizations tend to be relatively short-term groups drawn together for specific projects, such as fraud and armed robbery, from a pool of professional criminals. Crime syndicates in Australia deal with narcotics, cargo theft and racketeering. [Syndicate is a group of people or companies who join together in order to achieve a particular aim. Racketeering is a dishonest way of obtaining money, such as by threatening people.] In Japan, there are gangs that specialize in vice and extortion. In many Third World countries, apart from the drug trade, the principal form of organized crime is black-marketeering, including smuggling and corruption in the granting of licenses to import goods and to export foreign ex- change. Armed robbery, cattle theft, and maritime piracy and fraud are organized crime activities in which politicians have less complicity. Robbery is particularly popular and easy because of the availability of arms supplied to nationalist movements by those who seek political destabilization of their own or other states, and who may therefore exploit the dissatisfaction of ethnic and tribal groups.
Vocabulary
| underworld | преступное подполье | narcotics | наркотики |
| organized vice | эксплуатация порока организованными преступниками | racketeering/ extortion | вымогательство |
| pornography | порнография | black-marketeering | спекуляция на чёрном рынке |
| loan-sharking | гангстерское ростовщичество | foreign exchange | иностранная валюта |
| ransom | выкуп | maritime | морской |
| continued | непрерывный | piracy | пиратство |
| shifting | меняющийся | complicity | соучастие |
| coalition | союз | availability | наличие |
| legitimate | легальный | destabilization exploit | эксплуатировать |
| alcohol opiate | снотворное средство | tribal | племенной |
| pool | общий фонд | usury | ростовщичество |
| crime syndicate | преступный синдикат |
1) What is organized crime engaged in? 2) What is organized crime in the US and Canada? 3) What do British crime organizations deal with? 4) Crime syndicates in Australia deal with narcotics, cargo theft and racketeering, don't they? 5) Do Japanese gangs specialize in vice and extortion? 6) What is organized crime in many Third World countries?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Individual criminals are interdependent. 2) Individual criminals operate in small groups. 3) Criminal organizations are engaged in usury. 4) Criminal organizations are engaged in legal
gambling and illegal gambling. 5) The principal source of income for organized crime is the supply of legal goods. 5) Many gangsters have illegitimate jobs and sources of income. 6) Crime syndicates deal with toyshops. 7) Criminal organizations specialize in virtue. 8) The principal form of organized crime is persuasion. 9) Organized crime includes courage and modesty. 10) Charity and mercy are organized crime activities.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Individual act criminals independently. 2) Individual criminals in small groups act. 3) Criminal organizations are in loan-sharking engaged. 4) Criminal are organizations engaged in gambling. 5) The principal source is of income for organized crime the supply of illegal goods. 5) Many gangsters legitimate jobs and sources of income have. 6) Crime syndicates with narcotics deal. 7) Criminal organizations in vice specialize. 8) The principal is form of organized crime black-marketeering. 9) Organized crime smuggling and corruption includes. 10) Armed robbery are and maritime piracy organized crime activities.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into
English.
Взаимозависимый; эксплуатировать; союз; снотворное средство; общий фонд; легальный; алкоголь; наркотик; дестабилизация; ростовщичество^ убеждение; отвага; скромность; благотворительность; милосердие; преступное подполье;
«эксплуатация порока организованными преступниками; порнография; гангстерское ростовщичество; выкуп; непрерывный; меняющийся; преступный синдикат; вымогательство; спекуляция на чёрном рынке; иностранная валюта; морское пиратство; соучастие; наличие; племенной.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
I) Individual criminals act ... 2) Criminal organizations are engaged in ... 3) The principal source of income for organized crime is ... 4) Organized crime is a set of ... 5) Many gangsters have legitimate ... 6) Some groups of organized criminals have not developed ... 7) Some crime organizations tend to be ... 8) Crime syndicates deal with ... 9) There are gangs that specialize ... 10) The principal form of organized crime is ... in-eluding ... 11) Politicians have less complicity in ... 12) Robbery is ...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about
a) organized crime in the US;
b) organized crime in Britain;
c) organized crime in Australia and Japan;
d) organized crime in Third World countries.
Retell the text “Organized crime”.
UNIT 11
► Ex. I. Scan through the text Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.
White-collar crime.Crimes committed by business people, professionals, and politicians in the course of their occupation are known as "white-collar" crimes, after the typical attire of their perpetrators. Criminologists tend to restrict the term to those illegal actions intended by the perpetrators principally to further the aims of their organizations rather than to make money for themselves personally. Examples include conspiring with other corporations to fix prices of goods or services in order to make artificially high profits or to drive a particular competitor out of the market; bribing officials or falsifying reports of tests on pharmaceutical products to obtain manufacturing licenses; and constructing buildings or roads with cheap, defective materials. The cost of corporate crime in the United States has been estimated at $200,000,000,000 a year. Such crimes have a huge impact upon the safety of workers, consumers, and the environment, but they are seldom detected. Compared with crimes committed by juveniles or the poor, corporate crimes are very rarely prosecuted in the criminal courts, and executives seldom go to jail, though companies may pay large fines. The term white-collar crime is used in another sense, by the public and academics, to describe fraud and embezzlement. Rather than being crime "by the firm, for the firm," this constitutes crime for profit by the individual against the organization, the public, or the government. Tax fraud, for example, costs at least 5 percent of the gross national product in most developed countries. Because of the concealed nature of many frauds and the fact that few are reported even when discovered, the cost is impossible to estimate precisely. The economic cost of white-collar crime in most industrial societies is thought to be much greater than the combined cost of larceny, burglary, auto theft, forgery, and robbery.
Vocabulary
| white-collar crime | беловоротничковое преступление (преступная махинация, совершенная служащим или лицом, занимающим высокое общественное положение) | impact | воздействие |
| attire clothes, perpetrator | нарушитель | detect | обнаруживать |
| restrict | ограничить | juveniles | несовершеннолетние |
| intend | намереваться | embezzlement | растрата имущества |
| further | способствовать осуществлению | constitute | составлять |
| conspire | тайно замышлять | conceal | скрывать |
| artificially | искусственно | larceny | воровство |
| competitor | конкурент | burglary | ночная кража со взломом |
| falsify | фальсифицировать | forgery | подделка |
| pharmaceutical | фармацевтический | robbery | грабеж |
| corporate | корпоративный |
1) Who commits white-collar crimes? 2) What do criminologists tend to restrict? 3) What are white-collar crimes? 4) What is the cost of corporate crime in the United States? 5) What do these crimes have? 6) Are these crimes detected? 7) Are corporate crimes prosecuted in the criminal courts? 8) Who goes seldom to jail? 9) Who may pay large fines? 10) The term white-collar crime is used to describe fraud and embezzlement, isn't it? 11) What is impossible to estimate precisely?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Crimes committed by business people are known as capital crimes. 2) The perpetrators intend to push forward the aims of their organizations. 3) The perpetrators intend to make money for themselves personally. 4) The perpetrators conspire with their friends to fix prices of goods in order to make artificially low profits. 5) The perpetrators do their best to drive a particular competitor out of the market. 6) The perpetrators, pay money to officials to obtain licenses. 7) The perpetrators fabricate reports of tests on pharmaceutical products. 8) The perpetrators construct buildings or roads with too expensive materials. 9) White-collar crimes have a huge effect upon the safety of workers. 10) White-collar crimes are detected often. 11) White-collar crimes are constantly prosecuted in the criminal courts. 12) The executives of white-collar crimes never go to jail. 13) The cost of white-collar crimes is possible to estimate precisely.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Crimes known committed by business people are as white-collar crimes. 2) The perpetrators to further the aims of their organizations intend. 3) The perpetrators intend don't to make money for themselves personally. 4) The perpetrators with other corporations to fix prices of goods in order to make conspire artificially high profits. 5) The conspire perpetrators with other corporations to drive a particular competitor out of the market. 6) The perpetrators officials to obtain licenses bribe. 7) The falsify perpetrators reports of tests on pharmaceutical products. 8) The construct perpetrators buildings or roads with cheap, defective materials. 9) White-collar crimes a huge impact upon the safety of workers have. 10) White-collar crimes are seldom detected. 11) White-collar prosecuted crimes are rarely in the criminal courts. 12) The go executives of white-collar crimes seldom to jail. 13) The cost is of white-collar crimes impossible to estimate precisely.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Ограничить; грабеж; намереваться; способствовать осуществлению; тайно замышлять; искусственно; беловоротничковое преступление; нарушитель; конкурент; фальсифицировать; фармацевтический; корпоративный; воздействие; обнаруживать; несовершеннолетние; растрата имущества; составлять; скрывать; воровство; ночная кража со взломом; подделка; пpecтyплениe, караемое смертной казнью.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) Crimes committed by professionals in the course of ... are known as ... 2) The perpetrators intend to further ... 3) The perpetrators don't intend to make ... 4) The perpetrators conspire with other corporations to fix ... 5) The perpetrators conspire with other corporations to drive ... 6) The perpetrators bribe ... 7) The perpetrators falsify ... 8) The perpetrators construct ... 9) White-collar crimes have a huge impact upon ... 10) White-collar crimes are detected ... 11) White-collar crimes are rarely prosecuted in ... 12) The executives of white-collar crimes seldom go to ... 13) The cost of white-collar crime is thought to be...
Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about white-collar crime:
a) its definition;
b) its executives;
c) its economic cost.
Retell the text “White-collar crime”.
UNIT 12
► Ex. I. Scan through the text Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.
Terrorism.From the 1960s, international terrorist crimes, such as the hijacking of passenger aircraft, political assassinations and kidnappings, and urban bombings, constituted a growing phenomenon of increasing concern, especially to Western governments. Most terrorist groups are associated either with revolutionary movements (some Marxist organizations) or with nationalist movements. Three categories of terrorist crime may be distinguished, not in legal terms, but by intention. Foremost is the use of violence and the threat of violence to create public fear. This may be done by making random attacks to injure or kill anyone who happens to be in the vicinity when an attack takes place. Because such crimes deny, by virtue of their being directed at innocent bystanders, the unique worth of the individual, terrorism is said to be a form of crime that runs counter to all morality and so undermines the foundations of civilization. Another tactic generating fear is the abduction and assassination of heads of state and members of governments in order to make others afraid of taking positions of leadership and so to spread a sense of insecurity. Persons in responsible positions may be abducted or assassinated on the grounds that they are "representatives" of some institution or system to which their assailants are opposed. A second category of terrorist crime is actual rule by terror. It is common practice for leaders of terrorist organizations to enforce obedience and discipline by terrorizing their own members. A community whose collective interests the terrorist organization claims to serve may be terrorized so that their cooperation, loyalty, and support are ensured. Groups that come to power by this means usually continue to rule by terror. Third, crimes are committed by terrorist organizations in order to gain the means for their own support. Bank robbery, kidnapping for ransom, extortion, gambling rake-offs (profit skimming), illegal arms dealing, and drug trafficking are among the principal crimes of this nature. In the Middle East, hostages are frequently sold as capital assets by one terrorist group to another.