Ex. V. Complete the following statements. 4 страница
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about jury:
a) its selection;
b) its challenge for cause;
c) its peremptory challenge;
d) its verdict.
Retell the text “Jury”.
CHAPTER VIII
IMPRISONMENT
Unit 30.
Prisons.The idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment is relatively modern. Until the late 18th century, prisons were used primarily for the confinement of debtors who could not pay, of accused persons waiting to be tried, and of those convicted persons waiting for their sentences—death or transportation. Since the late 18th century, with the decline of capital punishment (death penalty), the prison has come to be used also as a place of punishment. With the abolition of transportation, the prison has become the principal sanction for most serious crimes. Concern over prison conditions has not diminished over the years. Problems of security and the protection of prisoners from violence on the part of other prisoners have been compounded by the difficulties arising from overcrowding, as prison populations in most countries continue to grow. The people who make up the populations of most prison systems have many characteristics in common. The populations of most prison systems are predominantly male—in England males outnumber females by 28 to 1 (although the number of women in prison is rising at a higher rate than the number of men)—and relatively young— nearly 70 percent of those in custody are under the age of 30. [To be in custody means to be kept in prison by the police until you go to court, because the police think you are guilty.] Most offenders in prison have a number of previous convictions; the offenses they have committed are most commonly burglary, theft, violence, or robbery. A similar picture is revealed by U.S. statistics; the most common offenses for which prisoners are in custody are burglary and robbery. [Burglary is the crime of getting into a building to steal things. Violence is behaviour that is intended to hurt other people physically. Robbery is the crime of stealing things from a bank, shop etc, especially using violence.]
VOCABULARY
| imprisonment | тюремное заключение | diminish | уменьшаться |
| primarily | главным образом | compound | усугублять |
| confinement | лишение свободы, заключение под стражу | predominantly | главным образом |
| convicted person | осужденный | in custody | содержащийся под стражей |
| transportation | транспортация (ссылать за моря как вид уголовного наказания) | previous conviction | судимость |
| abolition | отмена | burglary | ночная кража со взломом |
| concern | забота, беспокойство | robbery | грабеж с насилием или разбой |
1) What prisons were used primarily for until the late 18th century? 2) Why the prison has come to be used as a place of punishment? 3) When the prison has become the principal sanction for most serious crimes? 4) What not diminished over the years has? 5) What have problems come into being as prison populations in most countries continue to grow? 6) What make people up the populations of most prison systems? 7) What the most common offenses for which prisoners are are in custody?
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) The idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment is old.
2) Prisons were used for the confinement of debtors who didn't want to pay. 3) Prisons were used for the confinement of accused persons waiting to be freed. 4) Prisons were a deterrent to innocent persons. 5) With the abolition of death penalty, the prison has come to be used as a place of punishment. 6) With the decline of transportation, the prison has become the principal sanction for most serious crimes. 7) Concern over prison conditions includes the protection of prisoners from violence on the part of warders and prisoners of conscience. 8) Concern over prison conditions includes the difficulties arising from overcrowding of mass and solitary cells. 9) Prison populations cease to grow. 10) Prison populations are predominantly female and relatively old.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) The idea is of imprisonment as a form of punishment relatively modern. 2) Prisons used were for the confinement of debtors who could not pay. 3) Prisons were for the confinement of accused persons waiting to be tried used. 4) Prisons for the confinement of those convicted persons waiting for their sentences were used. 5) With the decline of death penalty, the prison a place of punishment has come to be used as. 6) With the abolition of transportation, the prison the principal sanction for most serious crimes has become. 7) Concern over prison conditions the protection of prisoners from violence on the part of other prisoners includes. 8) Concern over prison conditions the difficulties arising from overcrowding includes. 9) Prison populations to continue grow. 10) Prison populations predominantly male and relatively young are.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Тюремное заключение; тюремный надзиратель; содержащийся под стражей; лишение свободы; осужденный; обвиняемый; транспортация; камера одиночного заключения; приговор; должник; судимость; ночная кража со взломом; грабеж с насилием или разбой; санкция; население; узник совести; правонарушение; безопасность; защита; насилие; продолжаться; виновный; общая камера.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) The idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment is ...
2) Prisons were used for ... 3) With the decline of death penalty, the prison has come to be ... 4) With the abolition of transportation, the prison has become ... 5) Concern over prison conditions includes ... 6) Prison populations continue . 7) Prison populations are ...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about
a) prison as a place of confinement;
b) prison as a place of punishment;
c) prison conditions;
d) prison populations.
Retell the text “Prisons”.
UNIT 31
► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to question the text and to give answers.
Types of prisons.Prisons are classified administratively as local or central prisons. Local prisons serve a variety of purposes—holding prisoners awaiting trial or sentencing and prisoners serving shorter sentences, up to about 18 months. There the worst overcrowding occurs. Prisoners serving longer sentences are detained in central prisons. Central prisons are large maximum-security prisons holding more than 1,000 offenders in conditions of strict security. For security, prisoners are classified into four categories, from A (prisoners likely to attempt escape, and constituting, if successful, a significant danger to the public) to D (prisoners who can be trusted to work in conditions of minimal security). Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community may be confined in low-security or open prisons, where there is normally no obstacle to a prisoner's absconding. Women are normally held in separate institutions. Young people who have done something illegal are kept in detention centres because they are too young to go to prison. The purpose of these institutions is rather treatment or correction than punishment. Detention centres for young offenders serving sentences that must not exceed four months are based on the principle of strict discipline and physical activity; research has failed to show, however, that it is an effective deterrent to further crime.
VOCABULARY
| serve a sentence | отбывать наказание | likely | склонный |
| long sentence | длительный срок лишения свободы | escape | побег |
| short sentence | краткий срок лишения свободы | constitute | составлять |
| detain | содержать под стражей | confine | держать взаперти |
| security | режим в тюрьме | open prison | тюрьма открытого типа (неохраняемая) |
| maximum-security prison | тюрьма с максимальной изоляцией заключенных | abscond | скрываться от правосудия |
| strict / high security | строгий режим | treatment | исправление преступников |
| medium security | режим средней строгости | detention centre | центр для содержания под стражей задержанных правонарушителей |
| minimum security | общий режим | discipline | дисциплина |
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Prisons are classified administratively as rural or municipal prisons. 2) Local prisons hold prisoners awaiting their release from prison. 3) Local prisons hold prisoners serving longer sentences. 4) The worst overcrowding occurs in and characterizes central prisons. 5) Prisoners serving shorter sentences are detained in central prisons. 6) Central prisons are open prisons. 7) Central prisons hold prisoners in conditions of low security. 8) Prisoners who are likely to attempt escape, and constituting, if successful, a significant danger to the public must be confined in low-security prisons. 9) Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community may be confined in high-security prisons. 10) There are normally some obstacles to a prisoner's absconding in open prisons. 11) Females are normally held together with males. 12) Young offenders are kept in large maximum-security prisons. 13) Young offenders must not go to prison. 14) The purpose of detention centres is rather punishment than treatment. 15) Young offenders are to serve sentences that must not exceed twelve months. 16) Detention centres are based on the principle of permissiveness and mental activity. 17) Detention centres are an effective deterrent to further crime.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Prisons classified administratively as local or central prisons are. 2) Local prisons prisoners awaiting trial or sentencing hold. 3) Local prisons prisoners serving shorter sentences hold. 4) The worst overcrowding and characterizes local prisons occurs in. 5) Prisoners serving longer sentences in central prisons are detained. 6) Central prisons large maximum-security prisons are. 7) Central prisons prisoners in conditions of strict security hold. 8) Prisoners who are likely to attempt escape, and constituting, if successful, a significant danger to the public in high-security prisons must be confined. 9) Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community in low-security prisons may be confined. 10) There normally no obstacle to a prisoner's absconding in open prisons is. 11) Women normally held in separate institutions are. 12) Young offenders are in detention centres kept. 13) Young offenders too young to go to prison are. 14) The purpose of detention centres rather treatment than punishment is. 15) Young offenders to serve sentences that must not are exceed four months. 16) Detention centres the principle of strict discipline and physical activity are based on. 17) Detention centres not an effective deterrent to further crime are.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into
English.
Режим в тюрьме; задержание; тюрьма с максимальной изоляцией заключенных; режим средней строгости; сельский; общий режим; содержать под стражей; держать взаперти; неохраняемая тюрьма; скрываться от правосудия; строгий режим; незаконный; исправление преступников; побег; городской; центр для содержания под стражей задержанных правонарушителей; отбывать наказание; поведение, не представляющее опасности; освобождение из тюрьмы; вседозволенность.
► Ex. V. Complete the following statements.
1) Prisons are classified administratively as ... 2) Local prisons hold prisoners awaiting ... 3) Local prisons hold prisoners serving ... 4) The worst overcrowding occurs in and characterizes ... 5) Prisoners serving longer sentences are detained in ... 6) Central prisons are ... 7) Central prisons hold prisoners in conditions of ... 8) Prisoners who are likely ... must be confined in ... 9) Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community may be confined in ... 10) There is normally no obstacle to ... in open prisons. 11) Women are held in ... 12) Young offenders are kept in ... 13) Young offenders are too young to go ... 14) The purpose of detention centres is ... 15) Young offenders are to serve ... 16) Detention centres are based on ... 17) Detention centres are not...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about
a) local prisons;
b) central prisons;
c) dangerous prisoners;
d) prisoners of safe conduct;
e) detention centres.
Retell the text “Types of prisons”.
UNIT 32
► Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to question the text and to give answers.
Some aspects of the prisoner's life.Prisons have been described as institutions, in which every aspect of life is subject to control. In addition to daily routines such as mealtimes, times of rising and retiring, and bathing, many other aspects of the prisoner's life are subject to control. This control is a means of maintaining security, controlling the introduction of weapons or contraband substances, and preventing escapes. Most prisons limit the number of visits that a prisoner may receive from his family or friends. In England the Prison Rules allow a convicted prisoner one visit every four weeks, although the prison governor may increase or limit visits at his discretion. Only relatives and friends of the prisoner may visit him, although adequate facilities must be available for visits by legal advisers if the prisoner is engaged in any litigation (for instance, divorce proceedings). Visits normally take place within the sight of an officer, and in some cases within his hearing. In many prisons, visits are conducted with the prisoner sitting on one side of a table and his visitor on the other, with a wire partition between them; the visitor may be searched for contraband. In other prisons the conditions for visiting may be less restrictive—the visitor and the prisoner may be allowed to meet in a room without any physical barrier but still in the sight of officers. Conjugal visits, in which the prisoner's spouse comes to stay with the prisoner for a period of several days, are not permitted in England, but some U.S. states do permit them. Correspondence of prisoners in England is subject to censorship by the prison authorities, and prisoners may not write more than one letter each week. Control of the prison is maintained by a number of disciplinary sanctions, which may include forfeiture of privileges, confinement within a punishment cell, or the loss of remission or good time. Generally, prisons are governed by rules setting out a code of conduct and listing prohibited behaviour; the code must be given to the prisoner on his arrival in the prison. Typically, the prohibited offenses include mutiny and violence to officers; escaping, or being absent from a place where the prisoner is required to be; and possessing unauthorized articles.
VOCABULARY
| subject | подлежащий | barrier | барьер |
| routine | заведенный порядок | conjugal | супружеский |
| retire for the night | ложиться спать | spouse | супруг, супруга |
| introduction | внесение; внедрение | censorship | цензура |
| contraband | контрабанда | ||
| convicted | осужденный | disciplinary | дисциплинарный |
| prison governor | начальник тюрьмы | forfeiture | потеря |
| adequate | соответствующий | confinement | заключение |
| facilities | удобства | remission | помилование |
| legal adviser | адвокат | good time | время хорошего поведения (зачитываемое заключенным в срок заключения) |
| litigation | тяжба, судебный спор | mutiny | мятеж |
| wire | проволочный | salubrious | полезный для здоровья |
| partition | перегородка | accomplice | соучастник преступления |
| restrictive | ограничительный |
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Every aspect of life in prisons is subject to improvement. 2) It's necessary to maintain salubrious climate in prisons. 3) It's necessary to control the production of weapons in prisons. 4) It's necessary to promote escapes in prisons. 5) Most prisons limit the number of visits that a prisoner may receive from his accomplices. 6) Prisons may not allow a convicted prisoner one visit every four weeks. 7) Only investigation officers of the prisoner may visit him. 8) Visits normally take place out of the sight of an officer and out of his hearing. 9) The visitor is to be searched for contraband. 10) Conjugal visits are not permitted. 11) Correspondence of prisoners is subject to censoring. 12) Prison disciplinary sanctions include intensified nutrition and outdoor games. 13) Remission is a reduction of the time that someone has to spend in prison. 14) Good time is time added to the sentence as a reward for good behaviour. 15) Prisons are governed by rules setting out a code of behaviour. 16) Morse code must be given to the prisoner on his arrival in the prison. 17) Prisons are governed by rules listing authorized behaviour. 18) The prohibited offenses include strong drinks and pickles.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Every aspect of life in prisons subject to control is. 2) It's necessary in prisons to maintain security. 3) It's necessary in prisons to control the introduction of weapons. 4) It's necessary in prisons to prevent escapes. 5) Most prisons the number of visits limit that a prisoner may receive from his family or friends. 6) Prisons may a convicted prisoner one visit every four weeks allow. 7) Only relatives and friends of the prisoner him may visit. 8) Visits normally within the sight of an officer or within his hearing take place. 9) The visitor searched for contraband may be. 10) Conjugal visits permitted are. 11) Correspondence of prisoners subject is to censorship. 12) Prison disciplinary sanctions forfeiture of privileges, confinement within a punishment cell, and the loss of remission or good time include. 13) Remission a reduction of the time that someone has to spend in prison is. 14) Good time time deducted from the is sentence as a reward for good behaviour. 15) Prisons by rules setting out a code of conduct are governed. 16) The code of conduct to the prisoner on his arrival in the prison must be given. 17) Prisons by rules listing prohibited behaviour are governed. 18) The prohibited offenses mutiny and violence to officers include. 19) The prohibited offenses escaping include and possessing unauthorized articles.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Адвокат; улучшение; тяжба; цензура; заключение; помилование; заведенный порядок; ложиться спать; внесение; контрабанда; осужденный; начальник тюрьмы; мятеж; здоровый климат; соленые огурцы; соучастник преступления; следователь; усиленное питание; игры на открытом воздухе.
► Ex. У. Complete the following statements.
1) Every aspect of life in prisons is subject to ... 2) It's necessary to maintain ... 3) It's necessary to control ... 4) It's necessary to prevent ... 5) Most prisons limit ... 6) Prisons may allow ... 7) Only relatives and friends of the prisoner may ... 8) Visits normally take place ... 9) The visitor may be ... 10) Conjugal visits are ... 11) Correspondence of prisoners is ... 12) Prison disciplinary sanctions include ... 13) Remission is ... 14) Good time is ... 15) Prisons are governed by rules setting ... 16) The code of conduct must be given ... 17) Prisons are governed by rules listing ... 18) The prohibited offenses include ...
► Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about
a) control in prison;
b) visits and visitors in prison;
c) correspondence of prisoners;
d) disciplinary sanctions in prison;
e) prohibited offenses in prison;
Retell the text “Some aspects of the prisoner's life”.
CHAPTER IX
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT
UNIT 33
► Ex. I. Scan through the text Work in pairs to question the text and to give answers.
Capital punishment and its application.Death was formerly the penalty for all felonies in English law. In practice the death penalty was never applied as widely as the law provided. Many offenders who committed capital crimes were allowed what was known as benefit of clergy. The origin of benefit of clergy was that offenders who were ordained priests were subject to trial by the church courts rather than the secular courts. If the offender convicted of a felony could show that he had been ordained, he was allowed to go free, subject to the possibility of being punished by the ecclesiastical courts. In medieval times the only proof of ordination was literacy and it became the custom by the 17th century to allow anyone convicted of a felony to escape the death sentence by giving proof of literacy. All that was required was the ability to read or recite one particular verse from Psalm 51 of the Bible, known as the "neck verse" for its ability to save one's neck; most offenders learned the words by heart. The application of the death penalty was extremely erratic, as in any capital case the judge was entitled to reprieve the offender so that he could petition for mercy; but the judge was not obliged to do this, and if he decided to "leave the offender for execution," the death sentence was normally carried out immediately, without appeal. In practice, many offenders who were convicted of capital crimes escaped the gallows as a result of reprieves and royal pardons. Until the mid-19th century executions in England were public, and throughout the 18th century great crowds attended the regular executions in London and other cities. Often an execution was followed by scenes of violence and disorder in the crowd, and it was commonly believed that pickpockets were busy among the spectators at executions. Public opinion eventually turned against the idea of executions as spectacles, and after 1868 executions were carried out in private in prisons. Parliament (in 1957) restricted the death penalty to certain types of murder, known as "capital murders"— murder in the course of theft, murder of a police or prison officer in the execution of his duty, murder by shooting or causing an explosion, and murder on a second occasion. All other murders were to be punished by a life sentence (life imprisonment).
VOCABULARY
| felony | фелония (категория тяжких преступлений, по степени опасности находящаяся между государственной изменой и мисдиминором) | entitle | давать право |
| provide | предусматривать | reprieve an offender | отсрочить исполнение приговора осужденному |
| capital crime | преступление, караемое смертной казнью | petition for mercy | подавать ходатайство о помиловании |
| benefit of clergy | неподсудность духовенства светскому суду (привилегия духовного звания) | execution | приведение в исполнение приговора к смертной казни, смертная казнь |
| ordain | посвящать в духовный сан | gallows | виселица |
| subject | подлежащий | royal pardon | королевское помилование |
| secular | светский | eventually | со временем |
| convict | признать виновным | spectacle | зрелище |
| ecclesiastical | церковный | in private | при закрытых дверях |
| literacy | грамотность | restrict | ограничивать |
| recite | декламировать | shoot | застрелить |
| psalm | псалом | cause | быть причиной |
| execute | казнить | explosion | взрыв |
| erratic | беспорядочный | second occasion | повторный случай |
► Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Death was the penalty for all misdemeanours. 2) Death penalty was applied as widely as the law provided. 3) Many offenders who committed capital murders were allowed what was known as benefit of clergy. 4) Many offenders who were ordained priests were subject to trial by the secular courts rather than the church courts. 5) If the offender convicted of a felony could show that he had been ordained, he was allowed to repair a damage. 6) Anyone convicted of a felony was allowed to escape the death sentence by giving proof of morality. 7) The application of the death penalty was well-ordered. 8) The judge was entitled to reprieve the offender so that he could repent of his sins. 9) The judge was obliged to reprieve the offender;. 10) If the judge decided to leave the offender for execution, the death sentence was carried out momentarily. 11) Many offenders who were convicted of misdemeanours didn't escape the gallows. 12) Executions in England were carried out in private in prisons. 13) Few people attended the regular executions in London. 14) Scenes of pacification in the crowd followed an execution. 15) It was believed that robbers were busy among the spectators at executions. 16) Public opinion supported the idea of executions as spectacles.
► Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Death the penalty for all felonies was. 2) Death penalty was never as widely as the law applied provided. 3) Many offenders were what was known as benefit of clergy allowed. 4) Many offenders who were were ordained priests subject to trial by the church courts. 5) If the offender allowed convicted of a felony could show that he had been ordained, he was to go free. 6) Anyone convicted of a felony to escape the death sentence by giving proof of literacy was allowed. 7) The application of the death penalty erratic was. 8) The judge was to reprieve the offender entitled. 9) The judge not obliged to reprieve the offender was. 10) If the judge decided to leave, the death sentence was carried out immediately the offender for execution. 11) Many offenders who were convicted of capital crimes the gallows as a result of royal pardons escaped. 12) Great crowds the regular executions in London attended. 13) Scenes of violence in the crowd an execution followed. 14) Pickpockets busy among the spectators at executions were.
► Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Возместить ущерб; нравственное поведение; упорядоченный; раскаиваться; умиротворение; фелония; преступление, караемое смертной казнью; неподсудность духовенства светскому суду; посвящать в духовный сан; признать виновным; казнить; давать право; отсрочить исполнение приговора осужденному; подавать ходатайство о помиловании; приведение в исполнение приговора к смертной казни; виселица; королевское помилование; повторный случай.