V. Образуйте от данных глаголов две формы Participle I. Полученные причастия переведите на русский язык

Model: to read – a) reading – читая, читающий;b) having read – прочитав

1) to replace

2) to travel

3) to carry

4) to drive

5) to paint

6) to freeze

7) to spread

8) to increase

9) to find

10)to transport

VI. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle I в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия I в английских предложениях и в переводе.

1) Constructing the Moscow underground the workers encountered many difficulties.

2) The locomotive hauling trains on mountainous railways usually operate on electric energy.

3) Having transmitters and receivers on the locomotives the driver is able to decrease and avoid the danger of train collisions.

4) Each railway station has at least two tracks, those for the incoming and outgoing trains.

5) Plastics being applied for the interior finishes of passenger cars greatly contribute to the reduction of maintenance costs.

VII. Образуйте Participle II от глаголов, данных в скобках. Полученные словосочетания переведите.

Model: a (to write) article – a written article – написанная статья.

1) (furnish) trains;

2) (increase) resistance;

3) (weigh) goods;

4) (burn) fuel;

5) (eliminate) danger;

6) (provide) temperature;

7) (develop) special-type cars;

8) (introduce) modern carriages;

9) an (insulate) body;

10)an (invent) locomotive

VIII. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle II в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия II в английских предложениях и в переводе.

1) When heated by sun, the rails become longer.

2) The first steam locomotive built by G. Stephenson could draw a small train of loaded cars at a speed of 13 miles per hour.

3) When invented, the steam engine started the industrial revolution.

4) The wagons with insulated walls, roofs and floors are known as the refrigerator cars.

5) The increased comfort made it possible for passengers to travel longer.

IX. Перепишите и переведите текст.

Freight cars

Developments in freight car construction have closely paralleled the development of the locomotive. Here, too, improved engineering and operating methods have been applied year by year to the freight car, its parts, and its adaptability to the needs of traffic. The early freight car was a little larger than a box on wheels. It carried from one to three tons of freight, and its wheels were similar to the stagecoach of its day, with wooden spokes and tires of iron.

All modern rail equipment, freight and passenger, is fitted with air brakes of the latest type, automatic coupling devices, steel wheels and tires, and is of steel or steel underframe construction. Freight cars range from the flat car up to the highly specialized refrigerator car, with an average capacity close to 50 tons per car, and with a capacity of 70 to 100 tons or more in the case of larger coal and ore cars. Railway managers naturally prefer to use larger cars since freight can be hauled more cheaply in them. These cars are owned by the railways, except for those cars which belong to industrial companies or to subsidiaries of the railways.

X. Ответьте на вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1) What was the early freight car like?

2) What was its carrying capacity?

3) What is all modern railway equipment fitted with?

4) What is an average capacity of a modern car?

5) What cars do railway managers prefer?

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Continuous (Present, Past, Future) в действительном и страдательном залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.

1) On the first underground railways the oil and gas lamps were used while the passengers were travelling.

2) Russian car-building plants are producing more comfortable cars.

3) Prefabricated units are being widely used to speed up and cheapen the construction of the new section of Moscow Metro.

4) Engineers will be testing a new engine tomorrow.

5) Our train is standing at the platform ready to leave.

II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму.

1) Many new automatic devices (to use – Present Continuous Passive) on railways.

2) The freight train (to move– Past Continuous Active)at a high speed when the engine driver saw that the line was damaged.

3) Nowadays crossties are made of wood, concrete, steel; in some countries experiments (to go on– Present Continuous Active)with plastic sleepers.

4) The movement of trains will be stoppedon that section of the line because the workers (to replace– Future Continuous Active)the sleepers.

5) The construction of this high-speed line (to support– Present Continuous Passive) by the government.

III. Перепишите и переведите предложения, выбрав правильную форму сказуемого (Active or Passive).

1) The bridge, which (is building; is being built now), will be used for the movement of both road and railway traffic.

2) My friends (are traveling; are being traveled) to the South these days.

3) The surveying party (was examining; was being examined) the route of the future railway all month long.

4) Several newspapers havereported that the Russian and Finnish governments (are discussing; are being discussed) a project for the reconstruction of the Helsinki-St. Petersburg railroad known in Finland as the Eastern Railway.

5) When I came to Baku in 1962, the first Metro line (was building; was being built) there.

IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. Подчеркните модальные глаголы в английских предложениях и в переводе.

1) One should know that bi-level cars or double-deckers are designed especially for tourists.

2) Flat cars of special type can be used for transporting highway trailers.

3) Modern locomotives must have a new system of braking.

4) You need not change the train; it goes straight to the place of your destination.

5)The train couldn't depart from the station, as the line was busy.